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127 Cards in this Set

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What are the two components of ECM?
- ground substance
- fibers
What are the components in the ground substances of ECM?
1) GAGs: long, unbranched polymer of disaccharides
- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, bones.
- dermatan sulfate:bind type I collagen
- keratin sulfate: bone, cartilage, cornea
- heparan sulfate (intracellular): bind FGF

2) proteoglycans: GAGs + core protein
- aggrecan: keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate
- perlecan: helaran sulfate

3) glycoproteins:
- fibronectin: bind type I, III, IV collagen, RGD sequence
- laminin: bind type IV collagen, heparan sulfate, integrins, entactin
- entactin: link laminin with type IV collagen
- chondronectin: bind type II collagen (in cartilage)
- osteopontin: cell adhesion to ECM (include osteoclasts)
- ocsteonectin
- thrombospondin
What is a major function of GAGs in ECM?
Resist compression:
sulfated GAGs carry - charge -> attract + charge (Na) -> hydration -> resist compression
What types of GAGs are there?
1) hyaluronic acid
2) chondroitin sulfate
3) dermatan sulfate: bind to type I collagen
4) keratin sulfate
4) heparan sulfate
Where do you find hyaluronic acid, a type of GAG?
widely distributed:
- loose connective tissue
- skin
- unbilical cord
- synovial fluid
- cartilage
Where do you find chondroitin sulfate, a type of GAG?
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- bone
Where do you find dermatan sulfate, a type of GAG?
- dermis
- tendons
- ligaments
- heart valves
- organ capsules
- sclera
- fibrocartilage
- arteries (adventitia)
- nerves (epineurium)
Where do you find keratan sulfate, a type of GAG?
- bone
- cartilage
- cornea
Where do you find heparan sulfate, a type of GAG?
- fibroblast and epithelial cell surface
- basal and external lamina
Which of the following GAGs binds type I collagen fibrils?

- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate
- dermatan sulfate
- keratan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
dermatan sulfate
Which of the following GAGs is intracelluar?

- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate
- dermatan sulfate
- keratan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
heparan sulfate
What is it called when a GAGs are attached to a core protein?
proteoglycan
Which of the following GAGs provide mechanical support?

- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate
- dermatan sulfate
- keratan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
- chondroitin sulfate
- keratan sulfate
Which of the following GAGs resist compressive force?

- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate
- dermatan sulfate
- keratan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
- hyaluronic acid
Name two types of proteoglycans.
- aggrecan: core protein + keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

- perlecan: core protein + heparan sulfate
What is the function of aggrecan, a type of proteoglycan?
- Binding sites for growth factors (i.e. FGF) and other signaling molecules.

- selective permeability to ECM in certain locations.
Where do you find glycoprotein fibronectin and what is its specific function at each location?
1) in matrix: forms fibrils in ECM, cell adhesion (actin cytoskeleton) to ECM by binding to fibronectin receptor on cell surface.
2) on cell surface: transiently adhere cells to ECM
3) in plasma: blood clotting, would healing, phagocytosis
What family of receptor does fibronectin receptor belong to?
integrin family of receptors
How does fibronectin bind to fibronectin receptors?
via RGD sequence (arg-gly-asp)
What does fibronectin bind to?
- fibronectin receptors (RGD sequence)
- collagen: type I, III, IV
- heparan sulfate
- hyaluronic acid
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein binds to type I, III, IV collagen?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- fibronectin
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein binds to type II collagen?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- chondronectin
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein binds to type IV collagen?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- laminin (IV)
- fibronectin (I, III, IV)
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein binds to laminin and type IV collagen?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- entactin
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein promote cell adhesion to ECM including osteoclasts in bones?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- osteopontin
Which of the folllowing type of glycoprotein links material to type I collagen and influences calcification by inhibiting crystal growth?

- fibronectin
- laminin
- entactin
- chondronectin
- osteopontin
- osteonectin
- thrombospondin
- osteonectin
What does lamine, a type of glycoprotein, bind?
- cell surface integrin
- heparan sulfate
- type IV collagen
- entactin
What is the most abundant structural protein of the ECM?
collagen
Where do you find type II collagen fibrils?
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- vitreous body
- nucleus pulposus
Chondrocytes make what type of collagen?
Type II
What is the function of type I collagen?
resist tension
What is the function of type II collagen?
- resist intemittent pressure
- provide clear path for light in the eye (vitreous body)
What is the function of type III collagen?
structural maintenance in expansible organs
- dermis
- muscularis of arteries
- intestines
- uterus
What types of collagens form fibrils?
Type I, II, III, V, VII, XI
Which type of collagen forms sheetlike network?
Type IV:
- support and filtration in basal(external) lamina.
Which type of collagen link type IV collagen of basal lamina to underlying connective tissue at epidermal-dermal junction?
Type VII: anchoring fibril
What types of collagen are linkers (FACIT) collagen?
- type IX: bind to type II collagen, in hyaline cartilage.
- type XII: bind to type I collagen, in skin.
Which type of collagen is a marker for epiphyseal growth palte cartilage?
Type X
Where do the following events of collagen synthesis happen?be specific.

- preprocollagen synthesis
- hydroxylation
- glycosylation
- procollagen formation
intracellular: ER
What is the function of procollagen peptidase and where is it located?
- cleave procollagen and convert to tropocollagen
- on E surface of fibroblast
What amino acids do you find in tropocollagen?
- glycine: every third AA
- hydroxyproline: precedes gly
- proline: follow gly
- hydroxylysine: unique to collagen
What stage of collagen synthesis is this?

triple helix
axial polarity
280nm long, 1.5nm in diameter
tropocollagen
Where do the following events of collagen synthesis happen?be specific.

- addition of carbohydrates to procollagen
golgi
Where do the following events of collagen synthesis happen?be specific.

- cleavage of procollagen by procollagen peptidase
E-surface of fibroblast
Where do the following events of collagen synthesis happen?

- crosslinking of tropocollagen by lysyl oxidase
ECM
Where are the genes encoding alpha chains of collagen located?
chromosomes 7 and 17
Describe the banding pattern of type I,II,and III collagen.
transverse banding periodicity of 67nm: dark-light-dark pattern
Tensile strength of collagen is provided by ____.
crosslinking of tropocollagen by lysyl oxidase.
Lysyl oxidase crosslinks which two fibers?
- collagen
- elastin
Give two types of elastic fibers.
- elastin
- fibrillin
What amino acids do you find in elastin?
- glycine
- proline
- desmosine, isodesmosine
What is the function of fibrillin?
- main component of the peripheral microfibrils that are part of elastic fibers.

- organize elastin into fibers
Name three dense regular connective tissue.
- tendons
- ligaments
- aponeurosis
What type of connective tissue is this?

- attaches bone to bone
ligaments
What type of connective tissue is this?

- attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone
tendon
What type of connective tissue is this?

- extends from a skeletal muscle as a broad, flat layer.
aponneurosis
Where are Golgi tendon organs located?
at the junction of a tendon and a muscle
What is the function of tendon organs?
- initiate tendon reflexes
- protect tendons and associate muscles from damage due to excessive tension.
- monitor muscle contraction
T/F: Tendon organs had a thin capsule of connective tissue that encloses a few tendon fascicles.
T.
How does tendon organs protect tendons and associate muscles from excessive tension?
- feedback inhibition: increase tension -> increase frequency of inhibitory impulses -> inhibition of muscle contraction

- excite motor neurons that innervate antagonistic muscles
What is this phenomenon?

droping of the heavy weight that you thought you can lift.
Tendon reflex
T/F: Cartilage is a special type of fibrous connective tissue.
T.
T/F: Cartilage is vascular.
F.
Cartilage is avascular (except in the perichondrion):
- no blood vessels
- no nerves
What type of tissue is perichondrion?
dense irregular connective tissue
How does cartilage receive nutrients since it is avascular?
diffusion
Name the three types of cartilage.
1) hyaline cartilage
2) elastic cartilage
3) fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is this?

- contains a resilent gel
- most abundant in the body
- weakest of the three
hyaline cartilage
Where do you find hyaline cartilage in adults?
- articular ends of long bones
- walls of larger respiratory passages: nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi.
- ventral ends of ribs
Where do you find hyaline cartilage in fetuses?
- temporary skeleton, later replaced with bone
What does hyaline cartilage matrix contain?
- aggrecan proteoglycan: chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate
- chondronectin (glycoprotein)
- type II collagen: not visible since it only forms fibrils
- territorial matrix
- interterritorial matrix
What are the two places you don't see perichondrion around cartilages?
- articular surface in joints
- epiphyseal plate
How many layers are there in perichondrion and what does each layer contain?
1)outer fibrous layer:
- type I collagen
- fibroblasts
- blood vessels

2)inner chondrogenic layer:
- chondroblasts
What is the function of perichondrion?
- provide blood supply for the avascular cartilaginous tissue.
What type of cells are located superfically and deeper in hyaline cartilage?
- superficial: ovoid chondrocytes
- deeper: spherical chondrocytes, may form cell nests
What do chondrocytes do?
- manufacture cartilage matrix through nutrients and wastes materials pass to and from cells.
T/F: Cartilages are metabolically inactive.
T.
What growth mechanism(s) do cartilages utilize?
- interstitial: during childhood and adolescence
- appositional: starts later, continues throughout life
Which type of cartilage growth mechanism is this?

- division of preexisting chrondrocytes
- during childhood and adolescents
interstital
Which type of cartilage growth mechanism is this?

- deeper cells of chondrogenic layer of perichondrion divide and differentiate into chondrocytes
- continues throughout life
appositional
What type of cartilage is this?

- yellowish perichondrion which contains network of elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
Where do you find elastic cartilage?
- pinna of ears
- eustachian tube
- epiglottis
What type of cartilage is this?

- lacks identifiable perichondrion
- alternating rows of chondrocytes (fibroblast-derived) and type I collagen
- strongest of the three
fibrocartilage
Where do you find fibrocartilage in the body?
- intervertebral disks
- articular disks
- pubic symphysis
- insertions of some tendons and ligaments.
T/F: Bone is a dynamic tissue that constantly undergoes changes in shapes.
T.
Applied pressure results in ___, whereas applied tension results in ____.
Applied pressure results in bone resorption, whereas applied tension results in bone formation.
What are the two components of bone matrix?
1) mineral (inorganic) portion:
- hydroxyappetite (calcium phosphate)
- citrate ions
- bicarbonate ions

2) organic portion: osteoid
- proteoglycans: chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate
- gylcoproteins: osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin
How is periosteum attached to bone?
Sharpey's fibers: type I collagen.
Which of the following cells is located in the bone matrix whereas others are located in the surface of bone matrix?

- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
Name the two types of bones.
1) spongy(cancellous, trabecullar) bone:
- interconnected trabecullae

2) compact (cortical) bone:
- no trabeculae or marrow cavities
Which classification of bone is this?

- 1st compact bone produced during fetal development and bone repair
- many osteocytes
- large, irregularly arranged collagen bundles
- low mineral content
- primary (immature, woven) bone
Which classification of bone is this?

- compact bone of adult
- calcified matrix arranged in regular concentric layers (lamellae)
- osteon (Haversian system)
- secondary (mature, lamelar) bone
What growth mechanism(s) does bone utilize?
appositional only!
Why do bones only do appositional growth?
- osteocytes are end cells: not able to divide
- nonexpandable lacuna: calcified matrix
What are the two types of osteogenesis?
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondrial ossification
Explain intramembranous ossification.
Occurs in embryo:
- mesencyme -> condense to sheets of highly vascular connective tissue -> form primary ossification center

(* direct conversion from mesenchyme to primary ossification center)
What bones in our body are formed by intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of the skull
Explain endochondrial ossification.
In embryo:
- mesenchyme -> form hyaline cartilage model of ossification at the diaphysis -> matrix calcification -> death of hypertrophied chondrocytes -> form periosteal bone collar -> invasion of periosteal bud (nutrient artery and osteoprogenitor cells)-> primary center of ossification (diaphysis) -> form marrow cavity

After birth:
- secondary ossification centered at the epiphysis at each end of the bone
How do bones grow in length?
- interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal plate
- bone resorption by oseoclasts in the zone of ossification.
Name the zones in epiphyseal plate.
1) zone of reserve (resting cartilage): inactive chondrocytes

2) zone of proliferation:
- hGH-> IGF -> chondrocytes divide.
- Ihh -> PTH-RP -> chondrocyte proliferation, inhibit hypertrophy
- Ihh -> regulate formation of bone collar

3) zone of hypertrophy: maturing cartilage
- ALPase
- VEGF -> invasion of blood vessels -> break through horizontal walls
- type X collagen: marker of differentiation

4) zone of calcification:
- dead chondrocytes
- calcified matrix

5) zone of ossification:
- progenitor cells become osteoblasts(produce osteoid), osteoclasts (bone resorption, remove calcified matrix)
How is the balance between proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes achieved?
Feedback loop between Ihh and PTH-RP:
- Ihh secreted by chondrocytes in proliferating zone: regulate bone collar formation
- Ihh stimulate PTH-RP which stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and inhibit hypertrophy.
When does fetal hematopoiesis start?
5th month.
What molecules do hypertrophied chondrocytes secrete?
- ALPase: increase Ca2+ and PO4 levels.
- VEGF: induce blood vessel invasion
- type X collagen: marker for differentiation
How do bone grow in diameter?
Appostional growth
All synovial joints are classified as ____.
diarthrosis
Synovial cavity is enclosed by ____ except at the area of articular cartilage.
articular capsule
Describe the layers of articular capsule.
1) outer fibrous capsule:
- dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to periosteum of bones
- prevent bone dislocation, resist strains

2) inner synovial membrane:
- areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
- Type A cells: macrophages (remove debris)
- Type B cells: resemble fibroblasts (secrete synovial fluid), well developed RER.
Which type of cell in synovial membrane is this?

- well developed RER
- secrete synovial fluid
Type B cells: resemble fibroblasts
Which type of cell in synovial membrane is this?

- small amount of RER
- remove debris from joint spaces
Type A cells: macrophages
What is the function of synovial fluid?
- reduce friction
- supply nutrients to chondrocytes
- remove wastes
- has phagocytes to remove microbes and debris
What is the appearnce and content of synovial fluid?
- appearance: viscous, clear, pale, yellow fluid
- contents:
hyaluronic acid
interstitial fluid filtered from plasma
phagocytic cells
What is the benefit of warming up before exercise?
It stimulates the production and secretion of synovial fluid.
How does articular cartilage act as absorber of intermittent mechanical pressure?
- hydrophilic proteoglycans contain lots of water
- reciprocal electrostatic repulsion of - charged GAG creat spaces for water
How is type II collagen arranged in articular cartilages?
as gothic arches: distribute forces generated by pressure in the tissue.
Which of the following types of synovial joints does not do angular movements?

- plannar
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
plannar:
- intercarpal
- sternocostal
- vertbrocostal
Structural classification of joints is based on what two facts?
1) presence/absence of a synovial cavity
2) type of connective tissue that binds bones together

- fibrous joints: sutures, syndemosis, gomphosis
- cartilagenous joints: synchondrosis, symphysis
- synovial joints
What are some functional classification of joints?
- synarthrosis: immovable
- amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
- diarthrosis: freely movable
Name some fibrous joints.
- sutures
- syndemosis: distal tibiofibular joint
- gomphosis
Name some cartilaginous joints.
- syncondrosis: connecting material is hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)

- symphysis: bones connected by flat disc of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc)
What type of joint is this?

sutures
fibrous joint or synarthrosis
What type of joint is this?

syndemosis
fibrous joints

syndemosis: greater distance between articulating bones and more fibrous connective tissue.
What type of joint is this?

distal tibiofibular joint
syndemosis
What type of joint is this?

gomphosis
fibrous joint
What type of joint is this?

synchondrosis
cartilaginous joint
What type of joint is this?

symphysis
cartilaginous joints
What type of joint is this?

epiphyseal plate
synchondrosis
What type of joint is this?

pubic symphysis
symphysis
What type of joint is this?

intervertebral disc
symphysis