Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
enlightened despotism\ enlightened absolutism
|
rulers taking from ideas of absolutism sought to centralize their authority so as to reform their countries. they often attempted to restructure religious institutions and to sponsor economic growth. although they frequently associated themselves with the enlightenment many of their military and foreign policies were in direct opposition to enlightened ideals. they were forces for modernization in European life.
|
|
|
John LOcke
|
one the major intellectual forerunner of the enlightenment. inspired by Newton he explained his fellow countryman in terms of experience. In An Essay COncerning Human Understanding, he argued that all humans enter the world with a blank slate so people rationalized that they could improve their lot in life, this psychology provided the theoretical basis for a reformist approach to society.
|
|
|
coffeehouses
|
places in which it became very popular to discuss writing, showing the great increase in discussion and influence from writing
|
|
|
salons
|
places hosted by fashionable Parisian ladies sought to popularize writers.
|
|
|
Voltaire
|
by far the most influential philosophe who from his popular writings became very wealthy. offended many people and had to travel a lot. admired English ways in Letters on the English. wrote Elements of the Philosphes of Newton which most popularized his ideas. never certain that reforms would be permanent embodying the broader pessimistic undercurrent of the Enlightenment. major force in toleration
|
|
|
Madame Marie Therese Geoffrin
|
the owner of one of the most important Parisian gathering spots for Enlightenment writers during the middle of the eighteenth century who was very instrumental in helping the philosophes bring their ideas to the attention of influential people in France
|
|
|
philosophes
|
the writers and critics who flourished in the expanding print culture and who took the lead in forging the new attitudes favorable to change, championed reform and advocated toleration. sought to apply reason, criticism and common sense to everything. some particularly in germany were university professors but most were free agents in coffeehouses, salons, country houses of reform minded nobles and the courts of monarches. they drew the bulk of their readers from the prosperous commercial professional urban classes and unkowingly gave them sources of major ideas. they generally supported the expansion of trade, the improvement of agriculture and transport, and the invention of new manufacturing machinery. their cheif bond was the desire to reform religion, political thought, society, government, and the economy for the sake of human liberty. for many of them their chief impediment to human improvement and happiness were ecclesiastical institutions since they were privileged in the state and often did not use reason. some criticized Islam on cultrural and poolitical backgrounds. were for more humane laws. not feminists but criticized women's lack of education
|
|
|
deism
|
the belief that god and reason are combined thinking of god as a clock maker. its two main points were the belief in god and life after death with punishments according to virtue. it was empirical, tolerant, reasonable and capable of encouraging virtuous living. hoped to remove need for priests and ministers and stop religious conflicts
|
|
|
David Hume
|
the philosophe argued in "Of miracles" in his Inquiry into Human Nature that no empirical evidence supports the belief in divine miracles
|
|
|
Immanuel Kant
|
a philosophe who wrote Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone whose ideas embody his title. criticized European empires on moral grounds concerning matters like conquest and argued for toleration of other cultures
|
|
|
Baruch Spinoza
|
a jewish philosophe who lived in the Netherlands and set the examples for a secularized version of Judaism. in his most famous work Ethics he so closely identified God and nature that many condemned him as an atheist. inspired many jews to assimilate
|
|
|
Mosos Mendelsohn
|
a jewish philosophe who lived in Germany and established the main outlines of an assimilationist position. he was the leading jewish philosopher and known as the jewish socrates. In Jerusalem and On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism he argued both for extensive religious toleration and for maintaining the religious distinction of jewish communities. sought complete toleration
|
|
|
Encyclopedia
|
the mid eighteenth century publication that was one of the greatest monuments of the enlightenment and its most monumental undertaking in the realm of print culture. it was written by many contributors but its main editor was Denis Diderot. many had attempted to censure it. it became an important source of knowledge. spread enlightenment thought more fully over the continent penetrating german and russian intellectual and political circles. did not have many articles by women and presented motherhood as a woman's most important occupation
|
|
|
Marquiz Cesare Beccaria
|
an italian aristocrat and philosophe who published On Crime and PUnishments ni which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just
|
|
|
physiocrats
|
economic reformers who believed the primary role of government was to protect property and to permit its owners to use it freely. they argued that agriculture was the basis on which all economic production depended. the favored the consolidation of small peasant holdings into larger more efficient farms.
|
|
|
Adam Smith
|
the author of the most important economic work of the enlightenment Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations who believed economic liberty was the foundation of a natural economic system saying that regulations need be abolished. usually regarded as the founder of laissez faire economic thought and policy which favored a limited role for the government in economic life. developed the four stage theory which categorized human societies into hunting and gathering, pastoral or herding, agricultural, or commercial stages.
|
|
|
Montesquieu
|
a french philosophe who in Spirit of the Laws, admired England and concluded there is no set proper government for a given nation. advocated separation of powers with a limited monarchy. was a political conservative. against the oppression of women
|
|
|
Rousseau
|
a French philospohe who in his Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences contended that the process of civilization and the enlightenment had corrupted human nature and in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality blamed much of the evil in the world on the uneven distribution of property. in his The Social Contract he outlines a proposition to overcome the evil of contemporary politics and society. says society is more important than the individual and first to give ideas like a democracy. said a society should agree to one religion like deism. in Emile he said women belong in separate a spheres. but oddly had a large women support. was very influential in the ideas of the French Revolution
|
|
|
Denis Diderot
|
criticized European empires on moral grounds concerning matters like conquest and argued for toleration of other cultures
|
|
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
in a Vindication of the Rights of Woman she used reason to say women deserved liberty. mainly opposed certain policies of the French Revolution
|
|
|
Rococo
|
the eighteenth century style that embraced lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light. became associated with aristocrats of the Old Regime. sometimes depicted compromising poses. very bright and elaborate from French aristocrats. not reality but idealized landscapes
|
|
|
neoclassicism
|
the eighteenth century style which embodied a return to figurative and architectural models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world. became associated with ancient republican values that implicitly criticized the Old Regime and embraced by the French Revolution. began admiration in mid eighteenth chastising Rococo style. Roman cities in southern italy fostered its rise. often very still without movement and liked heroism
|
|
|
Jacques Louis David
|
the foremost French Neoclassical painter who used ancient republican themes to emphasize the corruption of French monarchical government. often depicted famous people like philosophes and american admirers
|
|
|
Frederick (II) the Great of Prussia
|
more than any other ruler of the age, he embodied enlightened absolutism by commanding great loyalty and strong monarchy and military. he promoted through merit. personally communicated with philosophes. made a standard test for the bureaucracy. practiced complete religious toleration. recodified the law. the burden of taxation, reflecting his protection of the interests of the nobles, fell disproportionately on peasants and townspeople
|
|
|
Joseph II of Austria
|
son of Maria Theresa who ruled with genuine concern for the improvement of is people but resulted in rebellions. reorganized local government in hungary and required the use of german in a all governmental matters. was a practicing catholic who gave christians toleration but not jews. made catholic priests employees of the state stating his dominance. reconstructed judicial system. granted many things to the peasants and serfs but didnt abolish the authority of the landlords. taxed all
|
|
|
Maria Theresa
|
granted the aristocracy considerable independence especially in Hungary. was concerned about the welfare of the peasants and serfs. limited labor of robot
|
|
|
Catherine (II) the Great of Russia
|
became empress after her husband Peter III's death. started a commission to reform the law. strengthened her power by befriending the nobles with the Charter of Nobility. continued economic development. conquered some ottoman provinces and was declared protector of the orthodox Christians living in the ottoman empire
|
