Mus 152 Exam 2

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middle ages era

Back 1

600-1450

the longest period

-christianity
-monophony

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renaissance era

Back 2

1450-1600

intellectual movements in literature, architecture, and
painting that arose in Italy

-humanism
-polyphony

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barouque era

Back 3

1600-1750

the invention of opera and the flourishing of independent instrumental music.

-absolutism
-functional harmony

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classical era

Back 4

1750-1825

concert music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.

-enlightenment
-instrumental genres

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romantic era

Back 5

1825-1900

explored extremes-musical miniatures alongside grand opera.

-self expression
-chromatic harmony

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20th century era

Back 6

modernism (1901-1950)
postmodern (post WWII 1950-present)

-diversity of style
-expansion of tonality

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ritual music

Back 7

music used in carrying out traditional behaviors.

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liturgy

Back 8

official words, actions, music, and other behavior that constitute a religious ceremony (giraffe curing ceremony)

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folk music

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"Music of the people"
-communicates on a direct personal level and is readily accepted by a large percentage of the population.

-anonymity of its creators
-usually performed by amateurs
-most often transmitted by oral tradition.

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concert music

Back 10

intended primarily for the focused attention of the listener.

- a refined music

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commercial music

Back 11

music created for the primary purpose of generating revenue for the writers and performers.

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Rituals

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a set form or system of rites, religions, or otherwise

rite: a ceremonial or formal, solemn act, observance, or procedure in accordance with prescribed rule or custom as in religious use.

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gagaku

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-Japanese court music
-a musical style that means elegant music

-uses ryutiki (flute)
-kakko (drum)
-sho (organlike sound)
-hichirki (double reed)

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koto

Back 14

when gagaku is performed as concert music, who string instruments, the koto (a zither), and the biwa are added.

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Janizary (mehter) music

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Turkish military band music played by horse-mounted musicians who accompanied troops into battle

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Muezzin

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the muslim call to prayer, sung five times a day on mosques by a muezzin.

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adhan

Back 17

the muslim call to prayer that is sung five times a day from the top of minarets on mosques.

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gregorian chant

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liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic church.

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mass

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a highly elaborate set of appropriate texts underlies the individual daily services (mass and the offices) arranged in the church year.

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ternary form

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the simplist of formal patterns, represented by the letters ABA. examples of ternary form include da capo and sonata form.

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strophic form

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each stanza of text is sung to the same music.

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sequence

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paired verses of text sung to single musical phrases.

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syllabic

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most syllables are sung to a single note.

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melismatic

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many notes are sung for each text syllable.

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Buddhist ritual

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uses a trumpet called the dung-chen and a double reed wind instrument called the surna.

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conductus

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vocal compositions used during processions

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organum

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earliest name of polyphony

notre dame cathedral (paris)

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motet

Back 28

polyphonic settings of sacred latin texts

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imitation

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at the begining each voice enters, one after the other, singing the same musical line in an overlapping fashion.

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A cappella

Back 30

unaccompanied choral music

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cantata

Back 31

something that is sung

a type of seventeenth-century secular music related to opera.

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chorale

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the strophic religious texts associated with melodies that came to be used in the Lutheran tradition.

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gospel music

Back 33

African American singing enthusiastically affirmative of the singers' religious faiths.

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Bay Psalm Book

Back 34

a psalter

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lining-out

Back 35

the approach of relating text to familiar songs and another practice common in churches of that day.

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oratorio

Back 36

structure and dramatic character or a religious opera but without the customary sets, costumes, and acting.

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word painting

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using musical voices to illustrate the text.

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tone clusters

Back 38

a group of adjacent pitches sounded simultaneously

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glissando

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sliding between pitches

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requiem

Back 40

mass for the dead

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spiritual

Back 41

the first combining of African and European elements

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call and response

Back 42

lines of text sung by a soloist alternate with a sung group response.

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verse and refrain

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action is told in a series of verses, and each verse is followed by a refrain.

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blues

Back 44

After the civil war, African performers began to improvise a new type of song referred to as the sorrow song. This became known as the blues.

the blues are an attitude, a "down in the chops, plum outta luck" attitude. Also a vehicle for improvisation and has a structure or form.

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zydeco

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cajun music has combined with country, and rhythm and blues

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jazz

Back 46

1) a lilting beat called swing
2) A characteristic rhythm called synocopation in which "offbeat" accents break up the regularity of beat that characterizes most classical music
3) improvisation.

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rhythm section

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the tuba which supplied the bass part, the banjo which played chords in rhythm, and drums which provided the beat.
(pg. 112)

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front line

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the trumpet played the melody, the clarinet, the trombone added a harmony.

these 3 instruments were called the frontline because they stood out front, near the audience.

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scat singing

Back 49

singing nonsense syllables and improvsing with the voice as if it were an instrument.

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angklung

Back 50

a popular instrument in Bali made up of a set of numerous short bamboo tubes of graduated lengths loosely enclosed in small frames, a frame for each tube, or for a set of two tubes tuned in octaves.

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gamelan

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a large ensemble consisting of a number of drums, gongs, xylophones, metallophones and sometimes a flute, a fiddle, and a hammered zither.

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griot

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performer who travels form town to town performing and bringing news.

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nationalists

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those who emphasize national elements in music

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ethnomusicology

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individuals who specialize in the study of the music of specific cultures.

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fugue

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a musical procedure in which successive entrances of the same theme are heard in different instruments while the earlier entrants play free melodic material.

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swing

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style based on large ensembles of ten or more musicians who played written arrangements that incorporated improvised solos.

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jazz standard

Back 57

songs usually associated with jazz

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minimalism

Back 58

use of limited musical materials in a texture that features few (minimal) changes in rhythm, melody, or harmony.

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genre

Back 59

kind of piece

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sonata

Back 60

solo instrument + piano (piano alone)

-generalized, variable three part formal design usually found in the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, concertos, string quartets, and overtures.

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symphony

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work for orchestra that is usually in four movements and focuses on ensemble playing

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string quartet

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2 violins, viola, and cello

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concerto

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solo instrument with orchestra

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sonata form

Back 64

generalized, variable three-part formal design usually found in the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, concertos, string quartets, and overtures.

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program symphony

Back 65

program: some kind of description or story that was intended to be included in the concert program.

symphony: work for orchestra, usually in four movements focusing on ensemble playing.

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idee fixe

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musical idea that represents something and serves as a unifying musical element.

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symphonic poem

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(tone poem) one movement orchestral work that is based on a poetic or descriptive "extramusical" idea.

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neoclassicism

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return to any earlier style other than romanticism.

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sonata

Back 69

work for solo instrument usually in three movements.

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rondo form

Back 70

ABACA

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concerto

Back 71

three movement work for soloist and orchestra

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cadenza

Back 72

the first movement of the fifth concerto has an extended solo (cadenza) like those that appear in the later classical concerto.

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opera

Back 73

sung drama in which singers play the roles of characters on a suitably decorated stage, accompanied by an orchestra.

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libretto

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text of an opera, normally written by someone other than the composer.

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overture

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orchestral number played before the curtain rises.

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recitative

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free, speech-like singing (dialogue)

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aria

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structured and melodic singing with repeated words and recurring musical motives

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ensemble

Back 78

form number for more than two singers.

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comic opera

Back 79

more or less humorous treatment of plot and a nontragic ending.

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tragic opera

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serious works with unhappy or diastrous endings.

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band

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mixed wind and percussion group.

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chaccone

Back 82

type of theme and variations in which the theme is a repeated pattern.