Muh/pas Exam 4

Front 1

What is sampling?

Back 1

Lifting a section of an existing work

Front 2

What were the three leading record companies of the soul era?

Back 2

Motown, Stax, PIR

Front 3

Who was the creator of the Motown sound?

Back 3

Berry Gordy

Front 4

Describe the characteristics of the soul sound.

Back 4

-Combined features of RnB and Doo Wop w/ gospels,

-song forms of RnB,

-harmonic progressions from RnB incorporated into larger vocabulary,

-lead vocal styles w/ gospel,

-emotional expression improvised,

-half spoken,

-shouts,

-moans,

-melismas, blues inflection, bent notes,

-pentatonic melodies and chord progressions,

-chromatic embellishments in melodies,

-modal influences from jazz,

- jazz chorus w/ triads,

-borrowed chords from parallel key

Front 5

How did the Motown sound differ from other souls sounds?

Back 5

Mix of gospel, blues, RnB, white pop, jazz, detroit symphony players, local jazz horn players, use of ostinato bass line: James Jimmerson, extensive use of tambourine, bongos, and distinct drum beat emphasizing each beat.

Front 6

Compare the rhythmic style of soul with earlier styles of AAM.

Back 6

Use of poly-rhythmic layers

Front 7

What are the rhythmic features of funk?

Back 7

Riff like lines for guitar, horns, bass, drums, distinct 16 note bass lines

Front 8

Name three of the leading funk era groups.

Back 8

Parliament, Ohio Players, Sly and Family Stone, EW & F.

Front 9

What is a modulation and how was the techniques used in soul compositions?

Back 9

Key changes, used as transitions and also to extend pieces to allow for vocal improvisation to increase emotional impact

Front 10

Compare contemporary gospel with jazz harmonically and rhythmically.

Back 10

Use of same chords w/ extensions and alterations and jazz rhythms.

Front 11

What is an ostinato, and how does the concept relate to soul bass lines.

Back 11

Repetitive line, used extensively in soul music

Front 12

What were the names of the house rhythm sections at PIR records? Motown records?

Back 12

MFSB, Funk Bros

Front 13

How did the soul music of the 1960s differ from the RnB of the 1950s?

Back 13

Combined features of RnB and Doo Wop w/gospel, songs forms of RnB, harmonic progressions from RnB incorporated into larger vocabulary

Front 14

Name three Neo-soul artist.

Back 14

Jill Scott, Erykah Badu, Angie Stone, Eric Benet

Front 15

Why were Motown recordings considered crossover music?

Back 15

Appealed across ethnic, racial, socio-economic lines

Front 16

What was the role of the Funk Brothers in the recording of Motown hits?

Back 16

House rhythm sections

Front 17

How was the instrumentation of soul groups different from earlier styles of AAM?

Back 17

Use of horns instead of background vocals (Memphis horns), prearranged horn ensemble sections.

Front 18

Name three Motown recording artist of the soul era.

Back 18

Marvin Gaye, Martha Reeves, Stevie Wonder, Gladys Knight, Supremes, Smokey Robinson

Front 19

Name three Stax recording artist of the soul era.

Back 19

Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas, Johnny Taylor

Front 20

Where was the Stax recording studio located? How did this impact the characteristics of the sound?

Back 20

Converted movie theater in Memphis, made acoustics unique because of high ceilings

Front 21

Where were many Motown records recorded?

Back 21

3 story house in Detroit hood

Front 22

What are the characteristics of the Memphis sound?

Back 22

-Use of horns instead of background vocals (Memphis horns),

-prearranged horn ensemble sections,

-few or short improvised solos,

-sparse textures (no ride cymbal, strings, unison horns),

-vocals/instrumentals balanced in mix, gospel influence w/ use of both organ and piano,

-harmony primarily based on major chords,

-delayed backbeat on snare drum and rhythm guitar,

-live studio recording w/ minimal overdubbing

Front 23

What aspects made the Memphis sound more like RnB sound of the 50s?

Back 23

sparse textures (no ride cymbal, strings, unison horns), gospel influences w/ use of both organ and piano, delayed backbeat on snare drum and rhythm guitar

Front 24

Explain how borrowed chords are utilized in soul music.

Back 24

Chords usually found in major keys used in minor keys and vice versa

Front 25

Who was the founder of Def Jam records?

Back 25

Russell Simmons, Rick Rubin

Front 26

What was the original name of Stax Records?

Back 26

Satellite Records

Front 27

What was the name of the publishing company for Motown songs? For PIR songs? Why was ownership of publishing rights significant?

Back 27

Jobete, Mighty Three, Owner of publishing rights receives royalties and controls usage

Front 28

Who is known as the "Godfather of Soul?"

Back 28

James Brown

Front 29

How did Isaac Hayes and Thom Bell impact the sound of the 1970's soul compositions?

Back 29

Being orchestral and large group orientated, adding electronic effects, using synthesized sounds, using strings and lush arrangments

Front 30

Compare the use of syncopation in funk style of music with the syncopation used in earlier AAM.

Back 30

More sophisticated syncopation using 16th note based rhythmic figures.

Front 31

How did having a house rhythm section impact the sound of recordings from different soul record labels?

Back 31

Provided consistency, signature sound

Front 32

How did the funk sound of the 1970's differ from the sound of the 1960's?

Back 32

Based on upbeat soul tunes, riff like lines for guitar, bass, drums, distinctive 16-note bass lines, one or two chord harmony for entire song, more sophisticated syncopation

Front 33

Who was the prime catalyst for the modernization of the gospel sound?

Back 33

Andrew Crouch

Front 34

How does contemporary gospel differ from earlier styles of gospel?

Back 34

Wider exposure for stars, entertainment value, converts in theaters, auditoriums, stadiums, formation of college/community choirs, mass media, use of music as a message

Front 35

How were Andrew Crouch, Edwin Hawkins, and Kirk Franklin instrumental in promoting the contemporary gospel sound?

Back 35

Andrew Crouch - prime catalyst

Edwin Hawkins- brought gospel to the masses and mass media through Hawkins singers

Kirk Franklin- incorporation of rap

Front 36

What is the significance of the modern gospel song "Oh Happy Day?"

Back 36

Exposed gospel to broader audience, showed power of mass media to disseminate music

Front 37

Name four styles of contemporary modern gospel and a representative artist for each style

Back 37

Traditional: Shirley Caesar, Bobby Jones, Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Clark Sisters, Rance Allen

Mass Choir: Mississippi Mass, Georgia Mass, Chicago Mass, GMWA

Small group: Kirk Franklin, Take Six, Kurt Carr

Chamber Choir: Richard Smallwood, Sounds of Blackness (Gary Hines)

Youth Movement: 5-7, Fred Hammond-Mary, Mary-Tye Tribbett

Front 38

What are the stylistic characteristics of contemporary modern gospel?

Back 38

Use of RnB instrumental accompaniment, ostinato bass, RnB/funk rhythmic figures, use of pop music production techniques

Front 39

What was the most influential contemporary gospel recording label?

Back 39

Word

Front 40

What are the characteristics of Neo-soul?

Back 40

Lyrics rooted in poetry and spoken word emphasizing personal relationships, artists tend to write own material and self-produce recordings, subdued cross between speech and song w/ jazz soul influenced background.

Front 41

Name three leading artist from the PIR record label.

Back 41

Stylistics, Delphonics, Singgers, O'Jays, Harold Melvin and Blue Notes (Teddy Perndergrass), Jerry Butler, Lou Rawls.

Front 42

How did the Philadelphia soul sound differ from the Motown sound?

Back 42

Used elaborate string and orchestra settings, multi-layered arrangements, expanded chromaticism, remote modulations

Front 43

Whos was known as the "Queen of Soul?"

Back 43

Aretha Franklin

Front 44

Who were the originators of the "Philadelphia sound" and PIR?

Back 44

Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, Thom Bell

Front 45

Name two composers associated with the "Motown sound."

Back 45

Holland/Dozier/Holland, Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder, Norman Whitfield, Barret Strong, Ashford/Simpson

Front 46

How is the culture of rap like the culture of bebop jazz?

Back 46

Influenced numerous aspects of culture including language, clothing, lifestyle

Front 47

What was the title and record company of the first rap hit?

Back 47

"Rapper's Delight" (1979) Sugar Hill Gang/ Sugar Hill Records

Front 48

Who is credited with the first rap album with an urban life theme?

Back 48

Joseph Saddler (Grandmaster Flash)

Front 49

Name three historically significant early rap groups.

Back 49

Run DMC, Sugar Hill Gang, Public Enemy

Front 50

Who is considered the "First Superstar of Rap"?

Back 50

MC Hammer

Front 51

Discuss the difference between the rap of groups such as Digable Planets and "gangsta rap."

Back 51

Digable Planets represents jazz rap w/ fusion of jazz and hip hop, employs jazz elements of improvisation, compound rhythmic patterns, jazz style horn riffs

Front 52

How are vamps used in rap music and how is lyrics improvisation utilized in a vamp?

Back 52

Accompaniment, Lyric improv used in free style

Front 53

Name three solo artist associated with the rap/hip hop style.

Back 53

LL Cool J, Heavy D, Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince, Biggie Smalls, Tupac, Nas, Wu-Tang Clan, Jay-Z, P-Diddy, Tribe Called Quest, Big Daddy Kane, Roots, Ice-T

Front 54

Who has been referred to as the "most controversial rap artists of all time?"

Back 54

Ice-T, Tupac

Front 55

What are the differences between the rap of artists such as Will Smith and the rap of artist such as Dr. Dre?

Back 55

One style is commercial rap w/ humorous fun lyrics, the other represents gangsta rap w/ angry social commentary, hedonism glorified, lyrics deal w/ hustling, pimping, gang activity

Front 56

To what do the terms scratching and spinning refer.

Back 56

Scratching- Moving turntable back and forth creating a percussive sound,

Spinning- turning turntable by hand

Front 57

Name three significant female rap artists.

Back 57

Queen Latifah, Salt-n-Pepa, BWP, MC Lyte, Da Brat

Front 58

Who was Afrika Bambaataa and what was his importance to the rap movement?

Back 58

Bronx DJ, gang member, self taught student of black culture, believed the arts could be used to combat street violence, founded Zulu Nation in 1973 at Stevenson HS, included break dancing, DJ, graffiti and rap

Front 59

Describe the roles of the DJ and MC in rap music.

Back 59

DJ: mixing and spinning,

MC: rapping

Front 60

How did economic and societal conditions influence the development of rap?

Back 60

Topics often deal w/ street violence, sex, express inequities and contradictions of social system, profanity used to accentuate rage, describe negative realities of inner city life, Hedonism glorified, lyrics deal w/ hustling, pimping, gang life

Front 61

What is a jam as it relates to rap music?

Back 61

Similar to Jazz Jam session, features rappers free styling

Front 62

Discuss the typical rhyme scheme of early rap music.

Back 62

rhyme scheme often AABBCC (couplets), end rhymes: rhymes at the end of line rather than within the line, multi-syllable rhymes: (multies) rhymes w/ two or more syllables

Front 63

What are the characteristics of gospel rap?

Back 63

Perceptions/ perspective of black inner city youth, reject traditional depiction of christ.

Front 64

Name three gospel rap artist.

Back 64

End Time Warriors, Soldiers of Christ, DC Talk, Witness

Front 65

What is nationalist rap?

Back 65

Cultural rather than political agendas, promotes Afro-centrism, preservation of black cultural indentity

Front 66

What is free styling as it relates to rap music?

Back 66

Free flowing improvisatory raping where the lyrics are created on the spot.

Front 67

Explain how the historical traditions of "pattin juba," "playing the dozens," and "toasting" impacted the development of rap.

Back 67

Most recent manifestation of vocal rhythmization: combining of rhythm, rhyme and speech, modern version of patting juba, playing the dozens, toasting (speaking in monotone over beats)

Front 68

How does the term rap differ from the term hip hop?

Back 68

Hip hop refers to the entire culture including language, clothing, lifestyle

Front 69

Discuss the differences between Old School and New School rap.

Back 69

Old School: DJ's, Crew of Posse, Break dancers, graffiti artists, costumes, audience participation, call and response, extensive use of rhyme scheme, often feature live band and or percussion (latin influence), rhyme scheme often AABBCC (couplets), 16th note rhythms, simple syncopation,

New School: MC's, Divers lyrics/styles, effort to "keep it real", "Ghetto Fabulous" for females, dressing down prevalent for males, use of digital/sampling techniques/ electronic sound production, video performance rather than live performance preferred, clowning (Crip Walk)/ crumping/ Harlem shuffle dance moves

Front 70

What is the historical significance of rap artist Kool DJ Herk, Grandmaster Flash, and Run DMC?

Back 70

Significant early artists in rap

Front 71

What are beat boxing and back turning?

Back 71

Back turning: turning turntable back to repeat phrase or sections

Beat boxing: percussive mouth/body sounds

Front 72

Describe the characteristics of hardcore rap.

Back 72

Denoted hardness/street authenticity, Dirty South (Atlanta), became center, more sexually explicit lyrics, edutainment (Eric B/KRS-One), Social consciousness

Front 73

How is RnB rap different from other styles of rap?

Back 73

Middle ground between hardcore and pop, fusion of hip hop styles and RnB, rapped verses, sung refrains (often w/ female singers), harmonized choruses, Fabulous, Ja Rule, 50 Cent

Front 74

What is the underground sound?

Back 74

Hip Hop style not yet mainstream, Wu-Tang Clan (ODB), Q-Tip, raw production sound (low budget), use of home recording studios/units, rough/distorted vocal timbre created by holding mic around the head or using high volume in close proximity, dissonant chords, samples from soul era, self-produced artist

Front 75

Why did west coast rap become more popular than east coast rap in the 1990's?

Back 75

Hard hitting minimalistic sound, angry social commentary, Hedonism glorified, lyrics deal w/ hustling, pimping, gang life, women become sex objects (bitches and hoes), violence against dominated people acceptable or expected

Front 76

How did the media and large record labels impact the popularity of "gangsta rap?"

Back 76

Most controversial and criticized styles, narrative often profane, insulting, vulgar, demeaning to women, topics often deal w/ street violence, sex, express inequities and contradictions of social system, profanity used to accentuate rage, describe negative realities of inner city life, popularity coincided w/ major label entry into rap

Front 77

Who were the leading RnB solo artists?

Back 77

Charles Brown, Ruth Brown, Fats Domino

Front 78

What are the stylistic characteristics of RnB?

Back 78

Boogie Woogie bass patterns, Swing shuffle rhythm feel, gospel influence vocals, Blues elements, but not necessarily chords or lyric rhyme, call and response between horn and vocals

Front 79

What was the standard instrumentation of early RnB groups?

Back 79

3-4 horns + rhythm + vocals

Front 80

Who were the leading RnB groups and what were the characteristics of their sound?

Back 80

Louis Jordan & Timpani 5, Drifters, Spaniels, Impressions, Dells

Front 81

Name three influential record companies critical to the success of RnB. Who were the founders of these companies?

Back 81

Atlantic : Ertegan, Abramson, Wexler

VeeJay : Vivian Carter, James bracken

Chess : Leonard Chess

Front 82

What is nickelodeon? How was it different from jukebox?

Back 82

Commercial record player that used video clips often found in soda fountains, cafes, and restaurants

Front 83

What instruments were critical to the development of RnB sound?

Back 83

Electric guitar, String bass, horn section

Front 84

Who was the "Father of RnB?"

Back 84

Louis Jordan

Front 85

Who was known as the "Queen of RnB?"

Back 85

Ruth Brown

Front 86

What was the purpose of the rope line in southern RnB concert venues?

Back 86

Separated blacks and whites

Front 87

What is the concept of "covering" in the recording business? How did it impact the success of black RnB artists?

Back 87

Another artist records the song of original song, White artists had more commercial and economic success "covering" songs by blacks

Front 88

What was the significance of VeeJay records? Who founded the company?

Back 88

Vivian Carter and James Bracken

Most Important Black label pre Motown

Front 89

What was the significance of Billboard changing its chart designations from Race Records to RnB?

Back 89

Broadened the audience for the music

Front 90

What was Doo Wop?

Back 90

A cappella singing during RnB period characterized interpreted lead vocal and scat syllable, repetitive background vocals

Front 91

What was the typical chord progression for a doo wop tune?

Back 91

I-VI-II-V (Heart & Soul)

Front 92

Name four Doo Wop groups.

Back 92

Ravens, Orioles, 5 Satins, El dorados, Silhouettes

Front 93

Who are Richard Wayne Penniman and Charles Edward and how did they impact rock and roll?

Back 93

Little richard, Chuck Berry

Served as transition figures from RnB to Rock and Roll. Fusion of RnB, pop, and country

More rhythnmic intensity than RnB

Front 94

What were the typical performance venues for RnB artists on the Southern tour circuit?

Back 94

Elks Clubs, concert halls, converted barns

Front 95

What was the significance of black radio stations in the popularization of RnB?

Back 95

Provided wider exposure for music to a more diverse audience

Front 96

Who is Fats Domino and what is his role as a transitional artist in RnB?

Back 96

-Distinct boogie woogie piano style

-NO native

-Native language Creole giving vocals unique sound

-2nd only to Elvis in sales

Front 97

Why was Ray Charles significant as a businessman in the music business?

Back 97

one of the first blacks to be given artistic control of recordings

Front 98

Why is Ray Charles considered a transitional artist and what influenced his sound?

Back 98

-Gospel influenced vocal model, structure, harmony and rhythm

-Style was fusion of gospel, blues, RnB