Mu-Cophs A&p 2010 Test 4 Remaining Material

Front 1

What is hematocrit?

Back 1

% erythrocyte volume of total blood volume

Front 2

What is average hematocrit for females?

Back 2

~42% ±5%

Front 3

What percent of blood is plasma?

Back 3

~55%

Front 4

What are the four major components of blood?

Back 4

1) Plasma
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes
4) Platelets

Front 5

True or False: Normal blood pH is 6.95-7.05

Back 5

FALSE: Normal blood pH is 7.35-7.45

Front 6

Blood comprises what percent of a person's body weight?

Back 6

~8%

Front 7

What are the 3 major functions of blood?

Back 7

1) Delivery: gasses, nutrients, wastes, hormones
2) Regulation: temp, pH, fluid volume
3) Protection: hemostasis, WBC

Front 8

How much of plasma is water?

Back 8

90%

Front 9

Which blood protein is the main contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood?

Back 9

Albumin, which makes up 60% of plasma proteins

Front 10

Which globulins are transport proteins made by the liver?

Back 10

alpha and beta globulins

Front 11

What is the average diameter of erythrocytes?

Back 11

~7.5mcm diameter

Front 12

How many globin subunits and heme groups are in hemoglobin?

Back 12

4 globin subunits and a heme for each one.

Front 13

In normal tissue, what percentage of hemoglobin becomes desaturated of O2?

Back 13

~25%

Front 14

Where is EPO synthesized?

Back 14

Erythropoietin is made primarily in the kidneys.

Front 15

what is the erythrocyte's stem cell called?

Back 15

hemocytoblast

Front 16

What is the pre-RBC called after it has ejected its nucleus but before it has become the mature erythrocyte?

Back 16

Reticulocyte

Front 17

Which organ degrades RBCs?

Back 17

The spleen, predominately; but also the liver

Front 18

After iron is salvaged from heme, what does heme degrade into?

Back 18

Bilirubin

Front 19

Name the two major types of leukocytes and what percentage of leukocytes they represent:

Back 19

1) Granulocytes; 60%
2) Agranulocytes; 40%

Front 20

What is the other name for the neutrophil?

Back 20

Polymorphonucleocyte

Front 21

Which granulocyte is more useful to populations in economically underdeveloped areas than to those in developed areas?

Back 21

Eiosinophil, because its enzymes are for attacking parasitic worms

Front 22

What chemical do basophils release?

Back 22

Histamine

Front 23

Which of the leukocytes derive from the myeloid stem cell?

Back 23

Granulocytes and monocytes (i.e. all but lymphocytes)

Front 24

___________s have large, spherical nuclei, whereas ____________s have kidney-shaped nuclei

Back 24

Lymphocyte; monocyte

Front 25

What is the name of the cell that fragments into thrombocytes?

Back 25

Megakaryocyte

Front 26

Define hemostasis, and give 3 factors involved in it:

Back 26

The series of reactions that stop the bleeding of blood vessels; fibrogen, prothrombin, Ca2+

Front 27

Name two recombinant drug products used to treat anemia?

Back 27

Procrit, Epogen

Front 28

In the heart, where is the point of maximum intensity (PMI) located?

Back 28

At the apex of the heart, i.e. the bottom of the left ventricle.

Front 29

Name the two layers of the pericardium:

Back 29

1) Fibrous pericardium, made of dense CT
2) Serous pericardium, a two-layered membrane

Front 30

List the three layers of the wall of the heart:

Back 30

1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium

Front 31

The epicardium is also known as:?

Back 31

The visceral serious pericardium

Front 32

The endocardium is continuous with:?

Back 32

The endothelial cells of the blood vessels that lead to/from the cavities of the heart

Front 33

List the three layers of blood vessel walls:

Back 33

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

Front 34

Which tunica is thicker in the arteries?

Back 34

Tunica media

Front 35

Which tunica is thicker in the veins?

Back 35

Tunica externa

Front 36

Which tunica is missing in the smallest and thinnest of arterioles and venules?

Back 36

Tunica externa

Front 37

List the four ways to transport material from the capillaries into the tissue?

Back 37

1) intercellular clefts (spaces between tight junctions)
2) fenestrations (pores)
3) diffusion across membranes of endothelial cells
4) vesicular transport

Front 38

The endothelial cells of capillaries secrete ___________ that act as ______________ and _____________.

Back 38

Paracrines; vasodilators; vasoconstrictors

Front 39

What is the term for new capillary growth?

Back 39

Angiogenesis

Front 40

What is a vascular anastomesis?

Back 40

Interconnection of blood vessels that allow for “alternate routes” of blood flow to body parts

Front 41

What blood vessel feature controls blood flow through capillary beds?

Back 41

Pre-capillary sphincters

Front 42

After the cardiac arteries branch from the aorta, where do they run?

Back 42

Along the atrioventricular groove of the heart

Front 43

In centrifuged blood, what is the “buffy coat”?

Back 43

It is the very thin layer of thrombocytes and WBCs between the RBCs and the plasma

Front 44

Which endocrine gland also has lymphatic function?

Back 44

Thymus: it is the site of T-cell maturation

Front 45

What are the two classes of eicosanoids?

Back 45

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Front 46

What does GH stimulate?

Back 46

Protein synthesis and use of lipids for fuel

Front 47

What are the two gonadotropin hormones?

Back 47

LH and FSH

Front 48

What are two hormones made by the thyroid?

Back 48

Thyroxine, calcitonin

Front 49

List the six major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary:

Back 49

LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL

Front 50

What are the two major cell types in the pancreas, and what do they do?

Back 50

Acinar: synthesize digestive juices for the stomach (exocrine function);
Islets of Langerhans: alpha cells make glucagons and beta cells make insulin (endocrine function)

Front 51

True or false?: Hormones can alter plasma membrane permeability, deactivate enzyme systems, and stimulate mitosis of target cells.

Back 51

True. They can also activate enzyme systems, stimulate protein synthesis, and induce cellular secretion activity.

Front 52

True or false?: In the "second messenger" pathway, cAMP activates adenylate cyclase.

Back 52

False: a G-protein activates adenylate cyclase, which creates cAMP (from ATP)

Front 53

In the PIP2-Ca2+ pathway, which second messenger activates protein kinases?

Back 53

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Front 54

True or false?: Only certain cells in the adrenal medulla contain receptors for ACTH.

Back 54

False: only certain cells in the adrenal *cortex* have ACTH receptors.

Front 55

List the three ways hormones are removed from blood:

Back 55

1) degrading enzymes
2) kidneys
3) liver enzyme systems

Front 56

AHD and oxytocin are synthesized in the __________ and are then transported down the _______-________ tract to the ____________ for release.

Back 56

hypothalamus; hypothalamic-hypophyseal; neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Front 57

Where in the body is the largest "pure" endocrine gland?

Back 57

The thyroid is in the anterior neck

Front 58

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic regulation hormone?

Back 58

Thyroid hormone (TH)

Front 59

What is the name of the cells in the thyroid that produce calcitonin?

Back 59

Parafollicular cells

Front 60

List the three ways flow of lymph is driven through the lymph vessels:

Back 60

1) skeletal muscle movement
2) smooth muscle in walls of trunks and ducts
3) mooching off blood vessel pulsation

Front 61

What are the four types of lymphatic vessels?

Back 61

1) capillaries (smallest)
2) collecting vessels
3) trunks
4) ducts

Front 62

Where do the two lymphatic ducts empty into the bloodstream?

Back 62

At the junctions of the subclavian and jugular veins on each lateral side of the neck.

Front 63

In the lymphatic system, what do dendritic cells do?

Back 63

They activate T-cells

Front 64

In the lymphatic system, what do reticular cells do?

Back 64

They make the reticular fiber network that supports lymphatic tissue cells

Front 65

Which lymphoid cell produces plasma cells that secrete antibodies?

Back 65

B lymphocytes

Front 66

What and where are the lacteals?

Back 66

They are the specialized capillaries in the small intestines that drain absorbed fats

Front 67

In which parts of the body are there large clusters of lymph nodes?

Back 67

Cervical, axillary, and inguinal

Front 68

True or false?: The predominant cell type of the lymphatic organ tissue is the lymphocyte.

Back 68

False: loose reticular CT is predominant (except in the thymus)

Front 69

What is the hilus of the lymph node?

Back 69

It is the concave surface from which the efferent lymphatic vessels sprout.

Front 70

What is the major function of the spleen?

Back 70

Blood filtration, e.g. removing aged erythrocytes, platelets, debris, and pathogens

Front 71

List the four tonsils:

Back 71

1) lingual
2) palantine
3) pharyngeal
4) tubal

Front 72

What are the five major functions of the kidneys?

Back 72

1) excretion (wastes, toxins, ions)
2) blood volume regulation
3) renin production
4) erythropoietin production
5) Vitamin D metabolism

Front 73

The kidney has how many lobes?

Back 73

~8

Front 74

What is the name of the protective outer layer of the kidney?

Back 74

The fibrous capsule

Front 75

How many nephrons are in a kidney?

Back 75

~1,000,000

Front 76

What is the name for the blood vessels that wrap around the renal tubule?

Back 76

Peritubular capillaries

Front 77

What is the term for the fluid pulled from the blood in the nephron?

Back 77

Filtrate

Front 78

True or false?: Renal clearance is the amount of fluid the kidneys can remove from the blood in a minute.

Back 78

False: renal clearance is the volume of blood plasma from which a substance is removed in a minute.

Front 79

What are the five processes, according to Matesic, of respiration?

Back 79

1) ventilation
2) external respiration/gas exchange
3) transport to/from tissues
4) internal respiration/gas exchange
5) cellular respiration

Front 80

What kind of epithelial cells are in the respiratory mucosa?

Back 80

Mostly ciliated, simple columnar;
goblet cells interspersed, except in the respiratory zone

Front 81

What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

Back 81

nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx. (oral cavity and sinuses are accessory)

Front 82

What are the organs of the lower respiratory tract?

Back 82

trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli

Front 83

In the respiratory system, what are the Type I cells?

Back 83

They are the simple squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli

Front 84

What is the difference between the respiratory mucosa and the respiratory membrane?

Back 84

Mucosa: the simple columnar cells lining the whole tract

Membrane: the parts where the simple squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli and the endothelial cells of the capillaries are together, through which gas exchange occurs

Front 85

How thin can the respiratory membrane get?

Back 85

0.2 microns

Front 86

What are the pleurae?

Back 86

The serous membranes separating the lungs from the rest of the body

Front 87

What are the other names for the GI tract?

Back 87

Alimentary canal; digestive tract; gut

Front 88

True or false?: The GI tract organs are the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Back 88

False: the salivary glands are accessory digestive organs, along with the teeth, tongue, gall bladder, liver, and pancreas

Front 89

What is the gastric mucosa?

Back 89

The specialized part of the GI tract mucosa in the stomach

Front 90

What are the six major activities of the GI tract?

Back 90

1) ingestion
2) propulsion
3) mechanical digestion
4) chemical digestion
5) nutrient absorption
6) defecation

Front 91

What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis?

Back 91

They are both alternating contraction and relaxation of the GI tract, but peristalsis results in propulsion and segmentation results in mechanical digestion

Front 92

What are the 4 secretory cells of the gastric pits, and what do they secrete?

Back 92

1) chief cells - pepsinogen
2) parietal cells - HCl
3) enteroendocrine cells - hormones/paracrins
4) neck cells - mucin that makes acidic mucus

Front 93

What are the three layers of the muscularis externa?

Back 93

1) circular layer
2) longitudinal layer
3) oblique layer

Front 94

How often does the stomach fully replace its epithelial mucosal cells?

Back 94

Every 3 to 6 days

Front 95

The presence of __________ in the stomach causes ___% of recurrent peptic ulcers.

Back 95

Helicobacter pylori; 90

Front 96

What compound present in the mucus of the stomach helps protect the stomach from damage?

Back 96

Bicarbonate

Front 97

What is the liver's GI tract function?

Back 97

Bile production

Front 98

When bile leaves the liver, where does it go?

Back 98

Through the common hepatic duct--> to the gall bladder--> down the bile duct--> to the duodenum of the small intestine

Front 99

What are the names of the lobes of the liver?

Back 99

Left, Right, Caudate, Quadrate

Front 100

Where is the gall bladder located?

Back 100

Below the ventral portion of the liver

Front 101

Where do the digestive enzymes go after they leave the pancreas?

Back 101

Through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts to the duodenum of the intestine

Front 102

• carbohydrate metabolism/storage
• detoxification
• serum protein production
• hormone inactivation
• protein metabolism/urea production
• lipid metabolism
• iron recycling
• cholesterol synthesis
These are the processes of what organ?

Back 102

The liver

Front 103

How much of the cardiac output does the splanchnic circulation normally receive?

Back 103

25%