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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The human body is made up of what six levels of structuralorganization?
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Chemical · Cellular · Tissue · Organ · System · Organism
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Chemical |
Atoms and molecules. Atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, andcalcium are essential to the maintenance of life. These atoms combine to formmolecules in the body. Examples of molecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats,and vitamins.
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Cellular |
Molecules combine to form cells. The cells of the body arethe basic structural and functional units of an organism. Examples of cells inthe body include muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.
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Tissue |
Tissuesare made up of groups of cells and the materials surrounding them. They worktogether to perform specific functions. There are four types of tissues in yourbody.
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The four types of tissue in the body are: |
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue
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Protective tissuefound in the linings of cavities and organs and as part of the integumentarysystem, or skin. This tissue helps to protect the structures it lines frominjury and fluid loss.
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Muscle Tissue
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Responsible for all of themovement of the body. It is subdivided into divisions of skeletal muscle,smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is made of long fibers andis the tissue that allows for voluntary body movements. Smooth muscle lines theinternal organs and carries out primarily involuntary body movements thatassist in organ function. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and isspecifically designed to maintain heartbeat and blood flow.
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Connective Tissue
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Tissue that binds thebody together and supports posture and function. This tissue is divided into threesub-types depending on function. Supporting connective tissue consists of thebones and cartilage of the body, which give the body support and basestructure. Binding connective tissue is defined as the tendons andligaments—thick strong tissue that binds muscle to bone and bones to eachother. Fibrous connective tissue is also a binding material, though instead ofconnecting other connective tissues, this tissue connects muscles together andbinds the skin to the rest of the body. Adipose, or fat cells, are part of thissubdivision serving as a cushioning layer to protect the body.
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Nervous Tissue
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Composed of nerve cells.It is used as the communication system of the body by passing electronicmessages to and from the brain. This allows for all motor functions, bothvoluntary and involuntary.
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Organ |
The different kinds of tissue combine to form the organ level. The organs are composed of two or more types of these tissues. Each organ has specific functions and recognizable shapes. Some examples of organs are the heart, lungs, brain, liver, and kidneys.
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System |
Made up of several organs that have a commonfunction. For example, the organs that are a part of the digestive system breakdown and absorb food. These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat),esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Some organs can bepart of more than one system. For example, the pancreas is part of both thedigestive system and the endocrine system.
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Organism |
The largest structural level is the organism level. All theparts which make up the body and function with each other form the totalorganism (one living individual).
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Disease |
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structureor function of any part, organ or system (or any combination thereof) of thebody manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs, and whoseetiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
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Acquired |
This means that the patient was not born with it (it was nothereditary or congenital). Example: AIDS—acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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Congenital |
Present at birth. This differs from a hereditary conditionin that it is not necessarily inherited from the parents. Occasionally infantsare born with a congenital heart defect that requires surgery or leads todeath. Example: Congenital hydrocephalus
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Deficiency |
A lack or defect. Many diseases are caused by a lack of somevital chemical substance or compound, such as a lack of red blood cells,defined as anemia or a lack of oxygen, characterizing hypoxia. Example: Irondeficiency anemia
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Degenerative |
Pertaining to deteriorating. Going from normal to less thannormal or dysfunctional. The deterioration of anatomical structures or tissuescauses many different diseases, such as degenerative joint disease or Alzheimerdisease. Example: Degenerative joint disease
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Developmental |
A type of disease that occurs as a result of someabnormality in the development of tissue, an organ, or body part. These areoften characterized as disorders, and many of them occur before birth or duringthe growth stages, such as osteodystrophy. Example: Muscular dystrophy
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Essential |
A term assigned to diseases for which the cause is unknown. Itis assumed that it arises spontaneously, such as in essential hypertension. Example:Essential hypertension
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Familial
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Occurring in or affecting more members of a family thanwould be expected by chance alone, such as familial hypertrophiccardiomyopathy. This would suggest a hereditary component. Example: Familialhemophagocytic reticulosis
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Functional
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A functional disease is one in which the structure isunaffected but it is not functioning properly. An example is menorrhea ormenorrhagia that cannot be explained by fibroids, endometriosis, infection, orsome other obvious cause. Example: Psychogenic disorder
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Hereditary |
This term means genetically transmitted from parent tooffspring, and should be a familiar term. As with any trait—eye color, haircolor, height, etc.—diseases can be genetically transferred. Examples includehemophilia, dyslexia, and asthma. Example: Hemophilia
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Idiopathic |
This also means of unknown cause, arising spontaneously, suchas idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Example: Spontaneous pneumothorax
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Infectious |
A disease that is caused by an infection (that makes sense,doesn’t it?). An infection is the invasion and multiplication of microorganismsin body tissue. There are many different types of bacteria that cause infectionand infective diseases, such as pneumonia and mononucleosis. Other infectiousagents are viruses and fungi. Example: Streptococcal aureus
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Molecular |
A disease caused by abnormality in the chemical structure orconcentration of a single molecule (the smallest amount of a substance whichcan exist alone), usually a protein or enzyme. Molecular diseases are oftenalso congenital. Example: Sickle cell anemia
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Neoplastic |
Pertaining to any new and abnormal growth, specifically anew growth of tissue which is progressive and uncontrolled. These growths aregenerally called tumors. A neoplasm can be either benign or malignant.Malignant means tending to become progressively worse, resulting in death.Benign is simply the opposite of malignant. Cancer is an example of aneoplastic disease. Example: Malignant neoplasm
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Nutritional |
A disease caused by nutritional factors, such asinsufficient or excessive dietary intake. Common nutritional diseases areeating disorders, such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Scurvy is an example ofa disease caused by poor nutrition and vitamin deficiency. Example: Rickets
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Organic |
A disease that is due to a demonstrable abnormality in abodily structure or the composition of its fluids. Example: Heart murmur
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Traumatic |
Resulting from some type of injury: physical, chemical, orpsychological. Many pathologies fall into this category, such as fractures,burns, dislocations, cuts, injuries from a motor vehicle or other accidents,war wounds, or the psychological effects of abuse, war, or rape, leading todiseases such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Example: Laceration
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Acute |
A short and relatively severe course. A patient with anacute illness has not been experiencing symptoms for very long. An example ofthis would be acute appendicitis. This is an inflammation of the appendix,which develops quickly and often necessitates surgery because of the severityof the symptoms and the likelihood of the appendix bursting. Example: Acuterespiratory failure
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Asymptomatic
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Having no symptoms. Although generally individuals do not goto a doctor or hospital when they are not experiencing symptoms, underlyingasymptomatic diseases are often discovered during examinations, which areeither routine or being performed for a different reason. Example: Asymptomatichuman immunodeficiency virus
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Chronic |
Persisting over a long period of time. This is the oppositeof acute. A chronic condition can last for months, years, and even a lifetime.One example is chronic bronchitis, which results in daily and sometimesconstant coughing and changes in the lung tissue. Example: Chronic obstructivelung disease
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Disabling
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Causes impairment of normal functions. This could includeimpairment of motility (walking), breathing, feeding oneself, sight, hearing,standing up, etc. Example: Blindness
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End-stage
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A progressively deteriorating condition that has reached apoint of terminal functional impairment of the affected organ or system. Anexample of this is end-stage liver disease, when the liver is so severelyaffected by incurable cirrhosis that it is in the final phases of ceasing tofunction. Example: End-stage renal disease
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Adescriptive term for a short muscle
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Brevis |
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Epicondylitisis also called
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tennis elbow
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To extend the palm upwards is to
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Supinate |
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The muscle which extends diagonally across the forearm andinserts onto the base of the second and third metacarpal bones is the
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flexor carpi radialis
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A prominence or projection on a bone is an
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epicondyle
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This muscle can extend, laterally rotate, and adduct thethigh, as well as flex the knee.
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biceps femoris
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Loss of nervous control of a muscle is
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paralysis
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The bony prominence on the side of the ankle joint is the
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lateral malleolus
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Cardiac muscle is (striated/non-striated)
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striated
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The hardening of the muscles which follows death is
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rigormortis
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Repetitive, involuntary contraction of a muscle is
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fasciculation
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During a seizure muscles often go through a series of rapidcontractions alternating with a return to normal muscle tone. This movement iscalled?
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tonic/clonicactivity
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A muscle with three heads is the
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triceps
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The process on the outer thigh to which several muscles areattached is the
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greater trochanter
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The preferred spelling for inflammation of a tendon due totrauma or repetitive wear is
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tendinitis
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A thin-walled band cyst formed on a joint capsule or tendonsheath is a
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ganglion
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Striated muscles are
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striped and voluntary
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A bruised or torn muscle which particularly affects thequadriceps muscle is a
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charley horse
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Achronic progressive neuromuscular weakness, usually starting with the musclesof the face and throat is
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myastheniagravis
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Above and to the side is
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superolateral
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Movement to draw toward the medial plane
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adduction
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From front to back is
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anteroposterior
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This plane is parallel to the median part of the body
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sagittal
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The__________ is the thickest, strongest tendon in the body.
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Achillestendon
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The terms oblique, rectus, and transverse describe the______ of individual muscle fibers.
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direction
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The first digit of the hand is the
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pollex
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A muscle located between the ribs is the
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intercostal |
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An organ that contracts to produce movement
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A muscle
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Movement
Posture Stabilization Body temperature maintenance |
Muscle Functions |
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The primary muscle used toallow voluntary movement of the body; they are usually attached to the skeletonby tendons
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Skeletal muscle
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The muscle that lines the walls of internal organs. This muscle isusually short in its strands and allows for the movement of body fluids andwaste through the internal systems
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Smooth muscle
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This type of muscle is found only in the heart
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Cardiac muscle
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Theless movable attachment of a muscle
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The origin
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Themore movable attachment of a muscle
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The insertion
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Have short strands of connective tissue, & muscles appear tobe directly connected to the bone
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Direct (fleshy) muscle attachments
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Have long strands of connective tissue extendingfar beyond the muscle. These long strands form either a rope-like structurecalled a tendon, or a flat tissue sheet called an aponeurosis, which connectsto the bone
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Indirect muscle attachments
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Other than in circulatory vessels and organs, smooth muscles can befound where?
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The Eye |
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The process of propelling substances through hollow visceralorgans is called _____.
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peristalsis
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Smooth muscles are spindle-like, which means
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They have greater length than width
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This is aninvoluntary muscle, with a striated appearance, and direct stimuli from the central nervous system (CNS) isnot required for contraction. However, the CNS does modify (not initiate)contraction.
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Cardiac muscle |
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Amuscle of the back that is shaped like a rhomboid
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Rhomboideus
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A muscle of the face that is triangular in shape
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Triangularis
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A muscle with three (tri-) heads
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Triceps
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A muscle with two (bi-) heads.
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Biceps
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Chest muscle located within the pectoral girdle
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Pectoralis
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Muscle located between ribs
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Intercostal
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Located in the abdominal area
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Abdominis
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Attached to the zygoma (bone of the face)
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Zygomaticus
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Attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the skull
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Both of these terms mean larger or largest
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Maximus or Major
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Meaning smaller or smallest
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Minimus or Minor |
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Meaning long
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Longus
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Meaning short
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Brevis
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Ina slanting or inclined direction
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Oblique
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Meaning straight
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Rectus |
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Meaning across or placed crosswise
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Transverse
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Something that is further from the midpoint or to the side
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Lateral
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Something closer to the middle or the midline
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Medial
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Situated or occurring within or on the inside
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Internal
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Situated or occurring on the outside
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External
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Movement to draw toward a medial plane
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Adductor
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General term for a muscle that extends a joint
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Extensor
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General term for a muscle that flexes a joint
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Flexor
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A muscle that elevates or lifts an organ or structure
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Levator
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There are over _____ skeletal muscles in the humanbody
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600
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Situated in front of or toward thefront of a body part or organ. This term is also used in reference to a ventralor belly surface of the body. Frontal is a common synonym.
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Anterior
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Division of thebody into anterior and posterior sections. Also called frontal plane. (Can meanpertaining to the head or the crown)
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Coronal
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Remote; farther from any pointof reference; opposite of proximal
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Distal
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Pertaining to the back (posterior) of thebody; also used to denote a position that is more toward the back than anotherobject of reference
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Dorsal
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Situatedbelow a structure or directed downward; also used to denote the lower portionof an organ or the lower of two structures. (Sometimes called caudal)
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Inferior
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Pertaining tothe side; denoting a position farther from the midline (median plane) of astructure
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Lateral
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Pertaining to the middle; closer to the midline of abody; pertaining to the middle layer.
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Medial
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Situated in the back;also used in reference to the back or dorsal surface of the body
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Posterior
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Nearest; closer to any point ofreference; opposite of distal
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Proximal
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Division of body into left andright sides in a vertical lengthwise fashion
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Sagittal
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Situated above, or directed upward;in official anatomic nomenclature, used in reference to the upper surface of anorgan or other structure, or to a structure occupying a higher position
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Superior
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A horizontal plane situatedat right angles to the long axis, or sagittal and coronal planes; placedcrosswise
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Transverse
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Pertaining to the abdomen; usedto denote a position that is more toward the belly/abdominal surface than someother object of reference
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Ventral
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ventral + lateral
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ventrolateral
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inferior + posterior
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inferoposterior
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posterior + inferior
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posteroinferior
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superior + lateral
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superolateral
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lateral + posterior
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lateroposterior
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medial + lateral
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mediolateral
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inferior + medial
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inferomedial
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superior + inferior
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superoinferior
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anterior + medial
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anteromedial
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dorsal + flexion
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dorsiflexion
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distal + cervical
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distocervical
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anterior + lateral
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anterolateral
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The muscle surrounding the eye
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orbicularis oculi
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Lower jaw muscle in the shape of a triangle
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triangularis
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Muscle located above the eye
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frontalis
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Muscle that runs from the lower jaw down the neck
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platysma
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Cheek muscle
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buccinator
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Muscle found in the nose
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nasalis
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A muscle that lifts and is above the lips
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levator labii superioris
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Muscle surrounding the mouth
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orbicularis oris
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Muscle found in the lower jaw
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masseter
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The larger of the zygomaticus muscles
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zygomaticus major
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Muscle located on the side of the head, just above both ears
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temporalis
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Muscle located above the nose on the forehead; it assists in pulling the skin between the eyebrows downwards and with the flaring of the nostrils
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Procerus
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This is a muscle of mastication. It originates on the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. It moves the mandible and limits sideways jaw movement.
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lateral pterygoid
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Also a muscle of mastication; elevating the jaw and providing sideways jaw movement
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medial pterygoid
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Originates on the side of the face and inserts on theorbicularis oris muscle. It draws the angle of the mouth laterally (to theside) and enables the human being to smile
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risorius
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Originates on the chin and goes into the orbicularisoris muscle. It elevates and protrudes the lower lip. Basically it allows forpouting
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mentalis
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This muscle originates on the mandibleand inserts on to the orbicularis muscle. It depresses the bottom lip
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depressor labii inferioris
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This muscle originates on the lower part ofthe mandible. It pulls down the angle of the mouth
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depressor anguli oris
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The tendinous line down the middle of the anterior abdominal walldirectly between the two rectus muscles.
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Linea alba
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belly button
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umbilicus
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An aponeurosis, serving mainly to connect a muscle withthe parts that it moves. It replaces what was formerly called dorsolumbar fasciae
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lumbar aponeurosis
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A structure that holds an organ or tissue in place. (In surgery, it is also usedto describe an instrument that retracts tissues.)
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retinaculum (plural: retinacula)
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Derived from the word pollex, whichis Latin for thumb
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pollicis
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A deep muscle inthe forearm with a long tendon that passes through the carpal tunnel andattaches to the distal phalanx of the thumb. When this muscle contracts, thethumb flexes.
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flexor pollicis longus
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This muscle bellylies in the forearm, and long tendons travel down the arm, through the carpaltunnel, and attach to the distal phalanges of all four fingers. When thismuscle contracts, all four fingers form a fist.
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flexor digitorum profundus
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A small musclein the distal forearm that helps pronate the hand. The muscle’s name indicatesthe motion it creates and its square, four-sided shape.
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Pronator quadratus
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With your forearms out in front of you, ; _____ causes the palms to face downward.
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Pronation
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With your forearms out in front of you, _____ causes the palms to face upward
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supination
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Muscle that extends the pointerfinger (index finger)
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Extensor indicis
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_____ muscles move the thumb
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Pollicis
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Located on the back of the humerus, itextends the forearm.
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anconeus
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A long narrow muscle located on the ulnarside of the extensor digitorum communis muscle. It assists in extension of thewrist and little finger.
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extensor digiti minimi
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Positioned in the center of the forearm alongthe posterior surface. Its tendon divides into four tendons beneath theextensor retinaculum, which attach to the distal tips of fingers one throughfour.
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extensor digitorum communis
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Lies just underneath the flexor digitorumsuperficialis muscle. This muscle flexes the distal ends of the fingers (butnot the thumb). |
flexor digitorum profundus
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Positioned deep on the front of the radius.It attaches at the base of the thumb and flexes the thumb and makes graspingpossible.
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flexor pollicis longus
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Positioned in upper middle part of theforearm. It arises from the epicondyle.It turns the hand downwards and flexes the elbow.
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pronator teres
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A prominence or projection on a bone.
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epicondyle
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Positioned deep and extends between the ulnaand radius. It works with the other pronator muscle to rotate the palm of thehand down, as well as position the thumb medially.
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pronator quadratus
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Positioned around the upper portion of theradius. It works with the biceps to turn the palm upwards.
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supinator
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The longest and strongest bone inthe body
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femur
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Not a muscle, but coversand holds in place the muscles and tendons of the front of the foot
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extensor retinaculum
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A thick, longband of fascia lata that extends down the side of the thigh to the tibia.
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iliotibial tract
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The bony protuberance foundon the lateral side of the ankle joint.
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lateral malleolus
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The bony protuberance found on the medial side of the ankle joint.
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medial malleolus
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A muscle that has two heads.
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biceps
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The major muscle of the rear end.
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gluteus maximus
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The long muscle responsible formovement of the big toe.
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extensor hallucis longus
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Previously called the dorsolumbarfascia.
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lumbar aponeurosis
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The major superficial muscle of theshoulder.
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deltoid
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Muscles responsible for chewing,located on the mandible.
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lateral and medial pterygoid
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The muscle above the lips that isresponsible for lifting.
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levator labii superioris
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A muscle with three heads.
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triceps
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Tendon named for a Greek hero.
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Achilles tendon
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Process on the outer thigh to whichseveral muscles are attached.
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greater trochanter
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The muscle that extends diagonallyacross the forearm and inserts onto the base of the second and third metacarpalbones.
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flexor carpi radialis
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This is the most superficial of the medial thighmuscles.
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gracilis
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This muscle can extend, laterallyrotate, and adduct the thigh, as well as flex the knee.
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biceps femoris
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Not the largest or the smallest ofthe gluteal muscles.
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Gluteus medius
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Term meaning short.
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brevis
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The body system to which muscles belong.
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musculoskeletal system
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muscle pain
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myalgia
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Serious muscle injuries or diseaseswill be managed by _____.
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orthopedists
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An epileptic episode resulting in aloss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, or neurosensory disturbancesis most commonly called _____.
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seizure
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Alternate muscular contraction andrelaxation in rapid succession is called _____.
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Clonic activity
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The cause of Parkinson disease is_____, but manifests in themusculoskeletal system.
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neurological
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Lack of normal tone or strength. This happens in muscles that aredeprived of innervation (which is the supply of nerve fibers functionallyconnected with a part).
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atony
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A genetic predisposition towardshypersensitivity to common environmental antigens
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atopy
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The wasting away or weakening of muscle fibers due to a lack of usage.
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atrophy
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A sac-like cavity filled with synovial fluid and located in places wheretendons or muscles pass over bony prominences.
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bursa
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Accompanied by cramps and severe pain. Thisparticular injury most commonly affects the quadriceps muscle.
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Charley Horse |
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A sustained spasm or contraction of a muscle accompanied by severe,localized pain.
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cramp
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Sustained abnormal postures or disruptions ofnormal movement resulting from alterations of muscle tone.
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dystonia
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Painless thickening and contracture of thepalmar fascia due to fibrous proliferation, resulting in loss of function ofthe fingers.
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Dupuytren contracture
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Similar to fibrillations or tremors. Arepetitive, involuntary contraction of muscle. The main cause is nerve damage.
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fasciculations
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A rheumatic disorder characterized by achypain, tenderness, and stiffness. Also called myofascial painsyndrome and/or fibromyositis.
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fibromyalgia
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Fibromyalgia or fibromyositis. A group of rheumatic disorders caused by achy pain,tenderness, and stiffness of muscles and tendon insertions.
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myofascial pain syndrome
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A thin-walled band cyst formed on a jointcapsule or tendon sheath.
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ganglion
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A benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue (e.g.,the uterus).
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leiomyoma
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A genetic abnormality of muscle tissuecharacterized by dysfunction and ultimately deterioration.
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muscular dystrophy
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A chronic progressive neuromuscular weakness,usually starting with the muscles of the face and throat.
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myasthenia gravis
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Any disease of the muscles.
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myopathy
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A disease characterized by bony deposits orthe ossification of muscle tissue.
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myositis ossificans
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The loss of nervous control of a muscle.
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paralysis
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Paralysis of all four limbs.
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quadriplegia |
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Paralysis of the legs (lower extremities)
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paraplegia
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Inflammation of the fascia
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Fasciitis
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Excessive pulling or stretching of thecalcaneal periosteum by the plantar fascia, resulting in pain along the innerborder of the plantar fascia.
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plantar fasciitis
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An autoimmune disorder which causes atrophyand weakness of the muscles.
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polymyositis
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The muscular hardness occurring 4–7 hours after death.
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rigor mortis
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Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscleattachments due to trauma or repetitive wear.
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tendinitis/tendonitis
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Also called lateral and medial epicondylitis. A strain of the lateralforearm muscles or the tendinous attachments near their origin on theepicondyle of the humerus.
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tennis elbow
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Adisease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin thatcauses muscles to go into tetany (hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles,specifically characterized by muscular cramps and twitching). Jaw muscles areaffected first.
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tetanus
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Persistent contraction of asternocleidomastoid muscle, drawing the head to one side and distorting theface. Causes rotation of the head.
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torticollis
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