Mtc: Jan 3 Part 2

Front 1

Locus

Back 1

-A corresponding physical location of a Mendelian trait within the chromosome set of an individual where this "physical entity of inheritance" resides

Front 2

What is the "physical entity of inheritance"?

Back 2

-Gene

Front 3

What is the Chromosomal Theory of Mendelism? Which researchers' concepts comprised this theory?

Back 3

-Chromosomes that carry genetic determinants through generational transmission
-Mendel and Sutton

Front 4

In order to define the relative locations of many of the genes, _______ _____ through protein studies was performed.

Back 4

-Linkage mapping

Front 5

What is gene mapping?

Back 5

-the enterprise of specifying the detailed location of a trait locus to definable chromosomal regions

Front 6

What could be used to track very specific chromosomal regions through generations in a family?

Back 6

-DNA Marker Probes

Front 7

The exploding arsenal of DNA marker loci made it possible to construct a ____ ____ ____ ___ ___ that promised to further facilitate the mapping of trait loci.

Back 7

High-Density Genetic Marker

Front 8

What are some of the goals of the Human Genome Project?

Back 8

-Technology Development
-Defining human sequence variations
-Defining gene functions (functional genomics)
-Sponsoring genome initiatives of other organisms (comparative genomics)
-Examining the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI)
-Improvement of bioinformatics and computational capabilities
-Personal training

Front 9

What was a major impediment of DNA Sequencing?

Back 9

-Cost

Front 10

What is Genetic Bioinformatics?

Back 10

-Refers to the treatment of the genetic sequence as a database from which valuable computational deductions about biological function and evolutionary history can be made

Front 11

What does genome annotation include?

Back 11

-ID and localization of genes
-Categorization of genes into families
-Establishment of functional domains of genes
-Finding homologous genes in human and non-human genomes

Front 12

The ____ _____ is the script according to which the coding DNA sequence in a gene is eventually translated into proteins.

Back 12

Genetic Code

Front 13

What 4 categories can be taken from the nucleic acid world?

Back 13

-Control of Protein Production
-From DNA to protein
-Evolution
-Structure of DNA and RNA

Front 14

What is the genome of an organism?

Back 14

-Total set of different DNA molecules
(Humans= 24 nuclear chromosomes and the mitochondrial chromosome)

Front 15

What is comparative genomics?

Back 15

-Examines the similarities and differences between genomes of different organisms

Front 16

What does comparative genomics facilitate?

Back 16

-Gene Prediction and discovery
-Evolutionary Studies

Front 17

What is transcriptome?

Back 17

-the total set of RNA transcripts and their covalent modifications that occur within a given type of cell at a specific time and stage of development

Front 18

______ is the study of transcriptomes--including their quantitative profiles--in cells.

Back 18

Transcriptomics

Front 19

What can transcriptomics determine about biological systems?

Back 19

-How biological systems malfunction or mal-adapt

Front 20

What is the most common method to study transcriptomic differences between cells or tissues at different states?

Back 20

-The expression microarray analysis

Front 21

What is a proteome?

Back 21

The total set of protein products and their covalent modifications that occurs within a given type of cell at a specific time and stage of development

Front 22

What are the division of a proteome? (3)

Back 22

-Expression proteomics
-Cell-map proteomics (or cellular proteomics)
-Structural proteomics

Front 23

Describe Expression Proteomics (3)

Back 23

-Change in protein expression and modification in response to perturbation
-Relative abundance of specific proteins in a given tissue in different states
-Important for identifying markers for disease and targets for intervention

Front 24

Describe Cell-map proteomics (or cellular proteomics)

Back 24

-Protein-protein interactions occurring in a cell under given conditions
-Network of intracellular signaling pathways
-Important for predicting the consequences of therapeutic interventions

Front 25

Describe Structural Proteomics (5)

Back 25

-3-D structure of all proteins within a cell
-Definition of active sites, and functional domains of all proteins to provide understanding of structural-functional correlations
-Important for identifying functional domains for rational drug design

Front 26

A _______ is the total set of small molecules that occur within a given type of cell at a specific time and stage of development.

Back 26

-Metabolome

Front 27

______ provides a description of the metabolic state of a cell (or tissue) at a level that is closest to where most pharmaceutical interventions need to occur.

Back 27

-Metabolomics

Front 28

What are some common techniques of metabolomics?

Back 28

-Liquid and gas chromatography
-Various platforms of mass spectrometry

Front 29

What are common methods used in proteomic studies?

Back 29

2-D polyacyrlamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), liqud chromotography, various modalities of mass spectrometry and protein or peptide microarrays

Front 30

Transcriptomics and proteomics are sometimes grouped together and called _______ _______

Back 30

functional genomics

Front 31

What do comparative genomic studies help identify?

Back 31

-Genes that are uniquely human
-Unique genetic elements that partly define what makes us human (ex: dyslexia and many other psychiatric disorders)

Front 32

Why is understanding the genomes of real or potential human pathogens important?

Back 32

-Such info may enhance our ability to combat diseases they cause
(ex: finding critical pathways in the life cycle of Plasmodium suitable for drug development)

Front 33

What has understanding of genomes of corps and farm animals enhanced?

Back 33

-Ability to genetically increase the disease resistance of these species
-To improve/increase the content of essential nutrients that we deliver

Front 34

What has manipulation of the genomes of other species enhanced?

Back 34

-Production of pharmaceuticals
(Ex: Hormone production by recombinant bacteria, production of proteins of therapeutic significance by recombinant mammals in the years to come)

Front 35

Metagenomics

Back 35

the field of study that relates the differences in the genomes of the bacterial flora in human distal colon that is associated with different metabolic phenotypes (e.g. obesity)