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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are sebaceous glands found?
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Associated with hair follicles (holocrine)
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Where are apocrine glands found?
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Axillae, genitalia, areolae
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What large glycoprotein maintains integrity to the BM and binds laminin to the BM?
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integrin
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What do anterior and posterior in ACL and PCL mean?
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position on the tibia
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Action of the psoas muscle
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Abduction and lateral rotation of the thigh
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How is Pancoast tumor related to MSK?
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Can compress lower trunk of brachial plexus -> Klumpke's
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Why is the brachial plexus often protected from a clavicle fracture?
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Subclavius muscle acts as barrier
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Where are the SNS preganglionic fibers located
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T1-L3
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Where the PSNS preganglionic fibers located?
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CNs and S2-S4
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4 features of Klumpke's
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1) Atrophy of thenar and hypothenar eminences
2) Atrophy of interosseus muscles 3) loss of sensation on medial arm and hand 4) loss of radial pulse when leaning the head ipsilaterally |
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Loss of anocutaneous reflex
Bowel/bladder dysfunction Loss of ankle-jerk w/plantar fled weakness |
Cauda Equina syndrome (S3-S5)
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This muscle connects the scapula to the thoracic cage
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Serratus anterior
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Actions of the lumbricals
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Flex at MCP
Extend PIP and DIP |
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What is the Trendelenburg sign?
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Contralateral hip drops, when standing on the leg ipsilateral to the lesion
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Which nerve splits into the tibial and common peroneal nerves?
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Sciatic
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Which bands shrink in muscle contraction?
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HI (A is Always the same)
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What 'band/line' us the sarcomere?
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Z line
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Where does linear bone growth occur?
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Epiphyseal plate
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Source of osteoclasts?
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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Source of osteoblasts?
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Mesenchymal stem cells of the PERIOSTEUM
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What defect of FGF3 in achondroplasia, and what does it affect?
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Constitutively active FGF3 -> which inhibits chondrocyte proliferation
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Type 1 vs. Type 2 osteoporosis?
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1 - inc bone resorption due to decreased estrogen
2 - senile osteoporosis |
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Which bone disorder do you see extramedullar hematopoiesis?
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Osteopetrosis
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Failure of normal bone resorption
ALL NORMAL LAB VALUES "Erlenmeyer Flask" bones |
Osteopetrosis
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Genetic defect in carbonic anhydrase II
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Osteopetrosis
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Defective mineralization/calcification of osteiod
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Osteomalacia/Rickets
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+ for TRAP
may be ass w/ Parvovirus B19 Mosaic bone pattern |
Pagets Disease
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Increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
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Pagets Disease
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Bone chalk-stick fractures
High output CV failure Hearing Loss (narrowing foramina) |
Paget's Disease
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Lab values (Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica - "brown" tumor)
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high PTH, high Ca2+, low phosphate, high ALP
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Bone is replaced with fibroblasts, collagen, and irregular bony trabeculae
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McCune-Albright syndrome
(Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia) |
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"double bubble" or "soap bubble" on xray
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Osteoclastoma
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Which bone tumors are on the diaphysis?
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Ewings sarcoma and chondrosarcoma
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Which bone tumors are on the metaphysis?
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Osteosarcoma, Osteo chondroma
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Which bone tumor is on the epiphysis?
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Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma)
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Codman's Triangle or sunburst pattern
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Osteosarcoma
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Expansive glistening mass within the medullary cavity (tumor)
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Chondrosarcoma
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high density of subchondral bone
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Osteoarthritis
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Abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue in joints
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Pannus formation (RA) - MCP and PIP
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What cancer are you at risk for w/ Sjogrens Syndrome?
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high risk of B-cell lymphoma
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, with no arthralgia
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Sicca syndrome
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Why does alcohol increase uric acid?
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They both compete for the same binding sites
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What cell type mediates inflammation observed in Gout?
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neutrophils
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3 characteristics of septic arthritis (STD)
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Synovitis
Tenosynovitis (tendonitis) Dermatitis |
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Causes of chronic infectious arthritis
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TB, Lyme Disease
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Dactylitis (sausage fingers), pencil-in-a-cup deformity on xray
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Psoriatic arthritis
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What is a complication of seronegative spondyloarthropathy?
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sacrolitis (20%)
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What causes the false + VDRL test in SLE
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Anti-phospholipids that cross-react with cardiolipin
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Why is there elevated Vit D levels in sarcoidosis?
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epithelioid macrophages increase activation of Vit D -> elevated 1a-hydroxylase
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What vasculitis is Polymyalgia rheumatica associated with?
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Temporal arteritis
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What 2 joins are often involved in polymyalgia rheumatica?
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shoulders and hips
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What induces the muscle weakness in polymyalgia?
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CD8+ T-cells injure the myofibers
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Which joint is most often involved in polymyalgia?
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shoulder
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Muscle biopsy shows perfascicular atrophy
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dermatomyositis
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Difference in lab findings between polymyalgia rheumatica and polymyositis (CK)
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PR - norm CK
polymyositis - high CK, high aldolase, Anti-Jo-1 |
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which muscles are affected first in myasthenia gravis?
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extra-ocular muscles
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increased thickness of stratum corneum (no nuclei)
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hyperkeratosis
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increased thickness of stratum corneum (nuclei present)
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parakeratosis
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epidermal hyperplasia with increased spinosum
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acanthosis
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Ephelis
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freckle (normal number of melanocytes, high melanin pigment)
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Which skin condition do you see spongiosis?
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Allergic contact dermatitis (nickel, poison ivy)
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bleeding spots when scales are peeled off
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Auspitz sign in Psoriasis
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Normal number of melanocytes with decreases melanin production (often due to decreased tyrosinase activity)
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Albinism
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"mask of pregnancy" or OCP use
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Melasma (Chloasma)
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Which layer of skin does the scalded skin syndrome attack?
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Stratum granulosum
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white, painless plaques, that CANNOT be scraped off; EBV mediated and HIV+
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Hairy leukoplakia
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Acute, painful infection in dermis or subcutaneous tissue (S. aureus or S.pyogenes)
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Cellulitis
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Skin disorder with saw-tooth infiltrate
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Lichen planus
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Hyperplasia of the stratum spinosum
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Acanthosis Nigricans
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Inflammatory lesions of subcutaneous fat, usually anterior shins
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Erythema Nodosum
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Skin cancer associated with arsenic
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SCC
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2 methods that corticosteroids block COX
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inhibits phospholipase A2
prevents protein synthesis of COX |
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Where does acetaminophen act?
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in the CNS; it gets inactivated peripherally
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How do bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclastic activity?
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reduce the formation AND resorption of hydroxyapatite
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Why do you not take salicylates with Allopurinol/gout?
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Salicylates (except at very high doses) decrease the secretion/clearance of uric acid
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