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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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To get salt
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Often simple methods, e.g. solar evaporation
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Freshwater obtaining methods
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Evaporation/distillation
electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ion-exchange resins |
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Sand and gravel
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Roads, beaches, landfills, cement, concrete
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ancient deposits of bones of marine animals. fertilizer production. big deposits in florida.
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Phosphate (Phosphorite)
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To make Phosphate Fertilizer, Phosphate ore is treated with
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sulfuric acid
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Phosphate makes the fertilizer ______ and the waste product______
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Phosporic acid, calcium sulfate (phosphogypsum)
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Leachate of phosphogypsum contains ______ and is __________ so cannot be returned to mines
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uranium, radioactive
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Sulfur is made into
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sulfuric acid, the #1 industrial chemical
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sulfur is extracted with
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superheated steam (frasch process)
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Sulfur found in
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deposits in Louisiana and Texas, reserves in Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean
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Coal is formed from
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land plant remains
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It begins as ______ and then under higher temperature/pressure you get what three harder coals?
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Peat
lignite, bituminous, anthracite |
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why are the beds of coal under the sea
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because sea-level rose
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How is coal mined?
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Through shafts, from land into offshore seams
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manganese nodules contain what metals?
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mainly manganese and iron, traces of cobalt, nickel, and copper.
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Where are metallic sulfides found in the ocean?
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hydrothermal vents
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What metals make up metallic sulfides?
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zinc, copper, chromium, molybdenum, silver, gold.
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95% of the mineral wealth obtained from the sea is from..
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Oil and natural gas!
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continental shelves produce how much of the world's supply of oil/NG?
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25%
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What is oil/NG formed from?
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the organic remains of phytoplankton that grew 85-180 mYA
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What kind of processes formed the oil/NG?
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biochemical and geochemical
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Where is oil found and where is natural gas found?
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Oil is shallower and gas is deeper (bc formed at higher temp)
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methane ices are...
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methane trapped below 800m by pressure and low temperature
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Methane is of growing importance because
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it could be a good replacement of natural gas, much more available. Japan and India wanna tap dat shit
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What kind of gas is methane and what may have its eruptions done in the past?
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Greenhouse gas, affected past climates
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Where are polysaccharides, used for marine biotechnology, found?
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The cell wall of seaweed
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What is agar (seaweed) used in?
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research and clinical labs
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what is carrageenan (seaweed) used as?
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texturiser in ice cream, could be a replacement for fat
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What does Alginate (seaweed) do?
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Binds Ca and Sr (removes radioactive strontium from bones)
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Chitin (polysaccharides also) used for
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dialysis membranes
capsules for slow-release fertilizer/ pesticides encapsulation of bacteria |
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What are thermozymes, how are they stored, what are they used for
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enzymes from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes
stored at room temperature used in detergent and cleaning industry |
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What do Prostaglandins (from Gorgonian coral) do?
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Stimulate labor and lowers blood pressure in humans
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What transgenic fish have been developed and how were they altered?
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Salmon, goldfish, and Tilapia- growth hormone gene, 4x size increase
Salmon- Antifreeze proteins from polar fish made them tolerant of cold |
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What marine luminescence genes from jellyfish (Aqueoria) are used/ what for?
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Green Flourescent Protein, used to follow survival of organisms in soil
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what marine luminescence genes from a marine bacterium (Vibrio) are used/ what for?
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Lux genes, used to monitor levels of pollutants in soil
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What tidal range is needed for Tidal Energy
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At least 7m
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There are enough Tidal energy sites to supply how much of the world's electricity?
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10%
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What are some sites of Tidal energy
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Cook INlet, Alaska
Passamaquody Bay, Maine Brittany, France |
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What are some problems with Tidal Energy?
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Dam systems, block estuary (migration and navigation problems)
Turbines kill fish |
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Turbines (tidal energy) work better if they run on...?
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Both ebb and flood tides, double action system
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How do the tidal flow generators work?
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They are submerged lke wind generators, work in all directions. Water enters on flood tide through turbines, exits on ebb tide.
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Why are artificial hollow island for tidal energy good, and where are some found?
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No interference with navigation and fish movements
Irish Sea off Rhyl, N. Wales Swansea, S. Wales |
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Wave energy: how does it work?
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Offshore or shore-bound structures.
Water rushes in to a column, compresses air above the water to drive turbines. Water leaving pulling pulls air through turbines in opposite direction |
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How does Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion work?
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Taps potential energy in the temp. difference between surface and deep waters
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How does the closed system of OTEC work?
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freon or NH3 alternately evaporated and condensed by warm and cold SW
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how does the open system of OTEC work?
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warm SW converted to vapor in a low-pressure, vacuum chamber.
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Where is a Pilot Plant of OTEC?
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Keohole Point, Hawaii
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