Ms. Kaliz Earth Science Final Review

Front 1

What is matter?

Back 1

Matter is anything that has mass and volume

Front 2

Structure of an atom

Back 2

Atom has a nucleus with neutrons and protons (+) in it. Outside the nucleus are levels or areas where electrons (-) are. An atom is the smallest unit of an element

Front 3

Contrast size, mass, and charges of portons, neutrons and electrons.

Back 3

electron (- charge) is lightest. The proton ( + charge is 1836 times heavier than electron. The neutron (no charge) is slightly heavier than the proton.

Front 4

Difference between atomic number and atomic mass

Back 4

Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom and the atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Front 5

What is an isotope?

Back 5

Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element with different number of neutrons or a different mass number.

Front 6

Describe an uranium isotope.

Back 6

Uranium has a mass numb er of 238 with 146 neutrons. Uranium 235(mass number) has only 143 neutrons. All isotopes have 92 protons in the nucleus.

Front 7

Contrast elements and compounds

Back 7

An element is the pure chemical substance and a compoun has two or more elements chemically combined.

Front 8

Define a molecule

Back 8

Molecule is the smallest part of a compound that still has all the properties of the compound and consists of at least two atoms.

Front 9

Can you have molecules made of all one elemnt? of all one compound?

Back 9

A molecule cannot contain just one element, but can contain just one compound

Front 10

What are the 5 requirements for a mineral?

Back 10

1. occurs naturally
2. is a solid
3. has a definite chemical composition
4. has its atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
5. is inorganic (not fromed from living things)

Front 11

What are the two types of bonds?

Back 11

covalent and ionic bonds

Front 12

What type of bond is formed with metals?

Back 12

Covalent bonds (sharing electrons)

Front 13

What are the two most abundant minerals?

Back 13

oxygen and silicon

Front 14

How do minerals form?

Back 14

Minerals form out of magma as atoms move around and combine to form minerals while magma cools. Minerals also form when water containing a precipitate ions evaporates.

Front 15

Sketch and label a silica tetrahedron.

Back 15

Draw it.

Front 16

What are the 6 main crystal shapes?

Back 16

1.cubic system
2. orthorhombic system
3. tetragonal system
4. triclinc system
5. hexagonal system
6. monoclinic system

Front 17

The silica tetrahedrons can bond together to form what shapes?

Back 17

1. Ionic
2. Single chains
3. Double chains
4. Sheets

Front 18

What type of minerals are most rock forming minerals?

Back 18

Most rock forming minerals are silicate

Front 19

What is the least helpful identification method and why?

Back 19

Color because many different minerals have similar colors

Front 20

What are the two main types of luster?

Back 20

metallic or nonmetallic

Front 21

What is a crystal shape?

Back 21

Ions form in flat faced patterns forming crystal shapes

Front 22

What are 5 simple tests to identify minerals?

Back 22

streak, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, and acid tests

Front 23

How are cleavage and fracture different?

Back 23

Cleavage is the ability to split easily along flat surfaces in the same direction.
Fracture is when minerals break along different lines and are uneven with rough irregular edges

Front 24

What is the Moh's hardness scale?

Back 24

a scale to evaluate hardness of minerals listed from 1-10. One is the solfest and 10 is the hardest.

Front 25

If a rock can scratch calcite and fluorite, but not feldspar, what is its hardness?

Back 25

Hardness is 5

Front 26

Explain what specific gravity is and give the formula

Back 26

Specific gravity is the ratio of weight of mineral to the weight of equal volume of water.
Formula is
Specific gravity = weight of sample in air/weight of equal volue of water. and the answer shows the weight of special as compared to weight of water. 50N/20N= 2.5 or weight is 2.5 times heavier than equal volume of water.

Front 27

What are you checking for when you do the acid test and what type of acide do you use?

Back 27

The release of carbon dioxide gas from the mineral by pouring hydochloric acid drops on it.

Front 28

What are special properites of minerals?

Back 28

1. magnetism (acts like a magnet)
2. Fluorescence (glow under ultraviolet light)
3. phophorescent(glow after ultraviolet light is shut off)
4. radioactivity-(give off subatomic particles that active a Geiger counter)
5. double refraction-(splits light rays in two part)

Front 29

What is uniformitarianism?

Back 29

idea that what we see now is related to the past (in earth science)

Front 30

How have scientists applied Hutton's principles to describe the origin of rocks?

Back 30

erupting lava hardens into rocks
sand and clays harden into rocklike materials
hot lava flowing over rocks change rocks.
Using this, scientists have divided rocks into 3 different categories

Front 31

What are the 3 main categories of rocks?

Back 31

Igneous rocks-made by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock from inside Earth

Metamorphic rocks-existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure into new kinds of rocks

Sedimentary rocks-hardening and cementing layers of sediments of rock, plant and animal remains

Front 32

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Back 32

Magma is hot molten rock from inside the Earth.
Lava is magma that pours onto Earth's surface during a volcanic eruption.

Front 33

What are the 2 types of igneous rocks and how are they different?

Back 33

Plutonic or intrusive form underground

Volcanic or extrusive form above the ground when lava cools

Front 34

What are the 2 ypes of magma?

Back 34

Felsic magma-hot silica solution with a high percenage of silica, liattle calcium, rion or magnesium. Granite is an example

Mafic-hot silica solution with a low percentage of silica and a high percentage of magnesium and iron. Basalt is an example

Front 35

What does the texture of a rock depend on?

Back 35

Texture depends on size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral crystals.

Front 36

What situation results in large crystals?

Back 36

The length of time it takes for the magma to cool determines the crystal's size. The longer the cooling, the larger the crystal.

Front 37

What is a porphyry?

Back 37

Igneous rocks with two different textures. There are alrge crystals surrounded by a fine-grained mass of rock.

Front 38

Name 3 types of sedimentary rocks.

Back 38

Clastic-made from fragments of other rocks. Shale, sandstone
Chemical-made from mineral grains from a precipitate in a solution. ROck salt, some limestones
Organic-made from remains of plants and animals. Coal and most limestone

Front 39

Explain what is happening in the figure (pg. 70)

Back 39

The river is sorting sediments by dropping them based on their weight. This separatees most sediments.

Front 40

What is stratification?

Back 40

arrangement in visible layers of sediments of minerals

Front 41

Why can't you find fossils in igneous or metamorphic rocks, but you can in sedimentary rocks?

Back 41

Fossils are remains, impressions, or evidence of plant and animal life.
Igneous and Metamorphic rocks are formed from hot molten magma in or on the Earth and sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of rock fragments, plants and animals.

Front 42

What are the two types of metamorphic rocks?

Back 42

Regional metamorphism-large areas of rock under intense heat and pressure change form
Contact metamorphism-hot magma forces its way into overlying rock and bakes the rock it comes in contact with.

Front 43

Rock Cycle

Back 43

Crustal movement forces rocks deep into Earth's crust and they melt into magma. Then magma hardens into igneous rocks, then weathering and erosion breaks pieces (sediments) off that cement together making sedimentary rock, then it is buried deep in earth's crust and becomes magma.

Front 44

Contrast renewable and nonrenewable resources

Back 44

Renewable resources can be replaced in nature at a rate close to its use. Unrenewable resources are those that only have a certain amount and are used up faster than they can be replaced in nature.

Front 45

What is the composition of air?

Back 45

78% nitrogen, 1% oother gases, and 21% oxygen.

Front 46

How is oxygen used up and replaced in the air?

Back 46

Oxygen is used by respiration (oxygen combines with food molecules to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide). Oxygen is replaced by photosynthesis (plants use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen).

Front 47

What can pollute air?

Back 47

When clean air moves across Earth, it picks up particles of pollutants like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide and suspended pariculate matter.

Front 48

Is soil renewable or nonrenewable?

Back 48

Soil can be renewable over time, but is considered a limited resource because if it is reused without time to renew, it becomes depleted.

Front 49

What are two problems with water supply?

Back 49

Quantity of water because it is not spread equally around the world.
Quality because it is being polluted

Front 50

What pollutes water?

Back 50

Pesticides, sewage, oil leaks and spills, fertilizers, detergenets, thermal energy.

Front 51

What is an ore?

Back 51

A valuable mineral found in a small amount in rocks.

Front 52

What are mineral resources?

Back 52

Nonrenewable resources used by man. Mineral reserves are found in earth. The amount available is the mineral resource.

Front 53

What are some important nonmetals?

Back 53

Nonmetals take and used as they are from the ground. Sand, quartz, crushed stone, salt, sulfur.

Front 54

Describe 5 energy resources.

Back 54

Fossil fuels-coal-a nonrenewable resource that contributes to air pollution.
Fossil fuels: petrolleum and natural gas-nonrenewable resource, less pollution, found in the earth
Uranium-source of energy used in nuclear reactor to generate electricity.
Solar- energy from the sun.