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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discuss the concept of myofascial trigger points that includes the accepted definition and main clinical signs of a trigger point
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1. palpable taut band;
2. local tenderness; (deep) 3. jump sign or physically withdrawing; 4. pain recognition by vocalising pain; a specific pattern of referred pain; (oncompression-palpation) 5. local twitch responses. (The twitch response is elicited by quickly snapping fingers over the taut band and at 90 degrees to the direction of the muscle fibres). (Huguenin, 2004). 6. muscular dysfunction |
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Describe the difference between an "active" trigger point and a "latent" trigger point.
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1.ACTIVE TP's cause pain (steady, deep and aching, seldom burning) and are more likely to occur in the postural muscles of the neck, shoulders and pelvic girdles and masticatory muscles
2.Latent TP's are silent with respect to pain but may cause restriction of movement and weakness of affected muscles. Minor over-stretching, overuse may activate latent TP's. Latent TP's can become active TP's through work / over work (repetition). Latent TP's can also ache on pulpation and can restrict ROM. |
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What are Fibroblasts?
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It is a cell found in connective tissue (plays a major part in the structure of connective tissue fibres), and produce collagen / extracellular matrix.
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What is the function of fibroblasts
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Their main function is to maintain the structure of connective tissue (via collagen fibres & extracellular matrix). They also play an important role in tissue repair.
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What is the function of collagen? Link to properties of collagen
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Collagen is the main protein in connective tissue, it is long and fibrous. The function is to give strength to the frame work It is in.
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List 4 mechanical properties of fascia
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Resistance
Elasticity Plasticity Viscerosity |
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Describe the mechanical properties for Resistance / Elasticity / Plasticity / Viscerosity
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Resistance - cannot push through it, caused by collagen fibres
Elasticity - gives stretch and retraction Plasticity - "forms" to the shape that is needed. Viscerosity - tissue's ability to resist forces of deformation (ECM) |
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What effect does movement have on fascia at the cellular level? Identify and explain 2 key effects?
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Fascia supports each fibre and reinforces the muscle while transmitting a pulling force.
Movement encourages the normal tunrover of collagen and its alignment along the lines of mechanical stress. |
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Name 4 mechanoreceptors in fascia. Identify what type of stimulation they are responsive to and give an example of the result of stimulation.
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Golgi (Type Ib) - golgi tendon organ, tonus decreases in related striated motor fibers.
Pacini (Type II) - rapid pressure changes and virations, used as proprioceptive feedback for movement control (sense of kinesthesia). Ruffini (Type II) - especially responsive to tangential forces (lateral stretch), inhibition of sympathetic activity. Interstitial (Type III & IV) - Rapid as well as sustained pressure changes, changes in vasodialation plus apparently in plasma extravasation. |
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What is tensegrity as related to the human body?
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State of functional stability by a body wide tensional network where the architecture is dominantly shaped by tensional strain (elastic soft tissues- continuous) rather than compression (by discontinuous compression elements- bones)
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Name three different energy systems (in order of activation) that can be used to synthesise ATP in working muscles and state whether they are anaerobic or aerobic systems
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1) ATP-PCr System: Short term, high intensity system. - Anaerobic : Weight lifting
2) Glycolytic System: Moderate term / high-moderate intensity. - can be either Aerobic OR Anaerobic : 50m swimmer 3) Oxidative System: Long term, low intensity. - Aerobic: Marathon runner |
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How long does it takes for the OXIDATIVE System to come in to effect and why?
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It begins to take effect after 30 secs, and CAN LAST for hours
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Give an example of which sport would be reliant on direct phosphorylation
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High-intensity exercise, eg: Weight lifting / sprinting / high diving
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Give an example of which sport would be in the second (to be activated) system
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Mid intensity exercise, eg: 100m Swimmer / rugby / soccer / tennis
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Give an example of which sport would be in the third (to be activated) system
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Endurance events, eg: Marathon runner / endurance multisport events
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The oxidative system is a two stage process- where does the second stage take place
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Lactic Acid formation - in the muscles : mitochondria
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How are ATP molecules replenished?
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ATP created by cleaving bonds off molecules
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The oxidative system is a two stage process- where does the first stage take place
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cytoplasm
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Name three energy sources or substrates that are used to replenish ATP. Identify if each is aerobic or anaerobic
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CP - Anaerobic :
Glucose -Anaerobic : Glcogen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids - Aerobic |
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Which system has no waste products and why?
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Direct Phosphorylation / Anaerobic
No waste products as the components are reused. Energy source: Creatine Phosphate (CP). |
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What are the three end products of the oxidative system?
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Water, CO2 and heat
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What colour are slow twitch muscle fibres and why?
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Slow Twitch : aerobic / oxidative
Red fibres with many mitochondria / with a high myoglobin content + many capillaries |
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What are slow twitch muscle fibres used for and why do they not fatigue?
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Endurance type activities (marathon runners) maintaining posture / anti gravity muscles. Lower tension, thus lower force generated. Slower contraction speed.
Mainly use Krebs cycle & oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise ATP & cross bridge cycling occurs relatively slowly. They are fatigue resistant - high endurance. |
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What are fast twitch fibres used for and what energy system would they NOT be a part of- why not?
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Would not be Aerobic - only small amounts of mitochondria present. Sprinting - PCr System
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Training exercises such as jogging, swimming and aerobics have what effect on skeletal muscle tissue?
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increase number of mitochondria per muscle fiber
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What has to happen prior to the muscle contraction to happen?
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Stimulus threshold must be met
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Define the All or None theory in relation to motor units.
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Skeletal muscles contraction = an individual muscle fiber contracts with equal force in response to each AP (action potential). The contraction cannot be half, it goes all the way or not at all.
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A muscle twitch has three distinct phases. List the phases in order.
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1) Latent
2) Contraction 3) Relaxation |
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What are two events during the latent period where there is no visible shortening of the muscle?
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Latent period = interval / brief delay, from stimulus until muscle contraction. Action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Explain the difference between the excitatory “threshold” of a slow twitch fibre and a fast twitch fibre
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SLOW TWITCH
Smaller loads requiring less force, low tension, fatigue resistance, slow oxidative fibers, ATP aerobic, recruited first FAST TWITCH High force, high fatigue, HIGHER EXCITATION threshold and faster conduction velocity, ATP aerobic (some anaerobic glycolysis), recruited second. |
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Which has the longer latent period, the gastrocnemius or the soleus and explain
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The latent period is longer when the distance between the point of nerve stimulations and the neuromuscular junction is more.
Soleus has the longer latent period. The Gastrocnemius fires first, quick and short (about 70 ms) while the Soleus takes longer to fire but holds it longer (about 199 ms). |
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Describe the difference between twitch and wave summation
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Twitch allows relaxation phase, Wave summation sends additional stimulus before the relaxation phase is complete
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Describe unipennate muscle architecture,(1mark) name a muscle with this design (1mark) and say what advantages this type of fibre arrangement will have over a same sized longitudinal design?
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Unipennate = fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, they are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the lenght of the muscle. Example - extensor digitorum longus. Pennate muscle shorten the most, but are not very powerful. Longitudinal design where muscle power depends more on the total number of muscle fibers have greater power.
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What is an isotonic contraction?
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An isotonic contraction is when the tension in a muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle lenght.
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Describe the difference between concentric and eccentric contractions (1 mark)
Use the action of a 'biceps curl' to illustrate with specific muscle action the difference |
Concentric (shortening) contraction = muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens (does the work). EG: Bicep muscle is shortening while contracting (moving dumbell towards the body).
Eccentric (lengthening) contraction = muscle fibers lengthening while generating the force as it lengthens. EG: coordination and purposeful movements. |
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What does ISOMETRIC mean?
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Isometric, means same measure (or no muscle shortening throughtout the contraction phase).
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Define: eccentric / concentric contraction
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Eccentric contraction followed by Concentric contraction
When the muscles are stretched prior to the contraction the resulting contraction is more powerful than it would be without the pre stretch Contributions are: -elastic recoil and stretch reflex |
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When the muscle spindle is stimulated what change occurs in the muscle
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The muscle contracts
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Describe the Synaptic knob
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A synaptic knob (button) is found at the end of an Axon branch. When nerve impulses reach the synaptic knob, neurotransmitters are released.
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Describe the Synaptic cleft
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The space between an Axon terminal and the adjacent neuron is called a SYNAPTIC CLEFT. Chemicals travel across the synaptic cleft (from the Axon to the Neuron).
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Describe the Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
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1 - Action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron. 2 - Voltage-gated Ca2 channels open and Ca2 enters the axon terminal. 3 - Ca2 entry causes some snyaptic vesicles to release their contents (ACh) by exocytosis. Calcium ions promote muscle cell contraction.
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what is Acetylcholine?
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ACh = is a Neurotransmitter in the CNS & PNS, found in the trough-like part of the muscle fiber's which helps form the neuromuscular junction - released into the Synaptic Cleft. It is the most common neurotransmitter.
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what is Acetylcholinerase?
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AChE = is located in the Synaptic Cleft. It breaks down ACh into its building blocks, which prevents ACh from continued muscle fiber contraction in the absence of additonal nervous stimulation.
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what are Acetylcholine receptors?
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ACh receptors = membrane protein that responds to the binding of ACh.
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what are Ligand-gated ion channels?
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LGIC's are a group of proteins (transmembrane ion channel proteins) whose job it is to open Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- channels so membranes can pass through in response to binding chemical messengers eg.: NEUROTRANSMITTERS like ACh.
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What does the SLR test measure?
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SLR is a hamstring muscle flexibility test. purpose: to assess the range of hip flexion of each leg with the knee fully extended.
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What does the Ober's Test measure?
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Ober's test is used as an examination for tightness in the tensor fasciae latae, a muscle that flexes and rotates the thigh
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What does the Thomas test measure?
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Thomas test is used to examine the length of the muscles involved in hip flexion. Assessing their length can help you determine the tightness of your client's primary hip flexor muscles, including the rectus femoris, illiopsoas and illiotibial (IT) band.
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What is RECIPROCAL INHIBITION?
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Reciprocal inhibition describes muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint.
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What causes muscle fatigue?
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There are two main causes of muscle fatigue - limitations of nerve’s ability to generate a sustained signal and the reduced ability of calcium (Ca2+) to stimulate contraction.
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What is FASCIA?
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FASCIA are dense regular connective tissues, containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull. Fasciae are consequently flexible structures able to resist great unidirectional tension forces until the wavy pattern of fibers has been straightened out by the pulling force. These collagen fibers are produced by the fibroblasts located within the fascia.
Fasciae are similar to ligaments and tendons as they are all made of collagen. |
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Is FASCIA largely INNERVATED?
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There is no innervation of fascia, so there is no sensation when it is being affected!
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Name the NERVE PLEXUSES' and what area's they INNERVATE
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1. Cervical plexus - serves the head, neck and shoulders
2. Brachial plexus - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands 3. Lumbar plexus - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves 4. Sacral plexus - serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet 5. Celiac plexus - serves internal organs 6. Coccygeal plexus - serves a small region over the coccyx 7. Auerbach's plexus - serves gastrointestinal tract |
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What does NEURAL tissue interface with?
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All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit impulses very rapidly
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What are DERMATOMES?
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A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves (C1 being an exception with no dermatome), twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.
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What are MYOTOMES?
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a myotome is where dermatomes innervate
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What is a MOTOR NEURON?
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A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.
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What are ALPH MOTOR NEURONS?
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Alpha Motor Neurons are large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction.
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What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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The SNS's general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response. (part of the autonomic nervous system)
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What is the PARASYMPATHETIC Nervous System?
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PNS = "rest-and-digest" or "feed and breed"[citation needed] activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating. Part of the autonomic nervous system.
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What happens when MUSCLE SPINDLES are innervated?
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Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle, which primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via sensory neurons. This information can be processed by the brain to determine the position of body parts. The responses of muscle spindles to changes in length also play an important role in regulating the contraction of muscles, by activating motoneurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch.
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Define wave summation
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Wave summation : = 1 impulse after another without a break.
A sustained contraction of muscles, caused by the rapid firing of nerve impul. |
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What do Type 1 fibres do?
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Type 1 : The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before they fatigue. Therefore, slow twitch fibers are great at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours.
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What do Type II fibres do?
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Fast Twitch (Type II)
Because fast twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel, they are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibers generally produce the same amount of force per contraction as slow muscles, but they get their name because they are able to fire more rapidly. Having more fast twitch fibers can be an asset to a sprinter since she needs to quickly generate a lot of force. |
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What do Type IIa fibres do?
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Type IIa Fibers
These fast twitch muscle fibers are also known as intermediate fast-twitch fibers. They can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism almost equally to create energy. In this way, they are a combination of Type I and Type II muscle fibers. |
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What is a NMJ? and what does it look like?
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The neuromuscular junction connects the nervous system to the muscular system via synapses between efferent nerve fibers and muscle fibers, also known as muscle cells. As an action potential reaches the end of a motor neuron, voltage-dependent calcium channels open allowing calcium to enter the neuron. Calcium binds to sensor proteins on synaptic vesicles called synaptotagmin triggering vesicle fusion with plasmamembrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses through the synapse and binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic, meaning they serve as ligand gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.
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What do Type IIb fibres do?
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Type IIb Fibers
These fast twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the "classic" fast twitch muscle fibers that excel at producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. This muscle fiber has the highest rate of contraction (rapid firing) of all the muscle fiber types, but it also has a much faster rate of fatigue and can't last as long before it needs rest. |
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Define TETANUS
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A disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
The prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli. |
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Where is the A band located in the muscle tissue?
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The A Band The thick filaments are located at the center of a sarcomere, in the A band. The length of the A band is equal to the length of a typical thick filament.
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Name the MECHANICAL properties of Fascia
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Stretch / Recoil / Tensegrity / Stability
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What affect does pressure applied to fascia cause in the muscle AND blood flow?
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Pressure to fascia : Relaxed muscle / increase blood flow
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What happens when muscle spindles are innervated?
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Innervated muscle spindles = muscle contraction
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What action do the DEEP 6 do?
P G O G O Q |
Deep 6 - hip external rotation
Piriformis Gluteus Minimus Obturator Internus Gemellus Superior & Inferior Obturator Externus Quadratus Femoris |
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Opponens Pollicis
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Opponeus Pollicis
O - Flexor retinaculum & tubercle of the trapezium. I - Entire length of 1st metacarpal bone, radial surface. A - Opposition of the thumb |
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Name the 4 Suboccipitials
R O R O |
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Oblique Capitis Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Oblique Capitis Inferior |
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4 Suboccipitials
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4 Suboccipitals
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major O - Spinous process of the axis (C2) I - Inferior nuchal line of the occiput A - Rock & Tilt the head back into extension. Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor O - Tubercle of posterior arch of the atlas (C1) I - Inferior nuchal line of the occiput. A - Rock & Tilt the head back into extension. Oblique Capitis Superior O - Transverse process of the atlas (C1) I - Between the nuchal lines of the occiput. A -Rock & Tilt the head back into extension. Oblique Capitis Inferior O - Spinous process of the axis (C 2) I - Transverse process of the atlas (C 1). A - Rotate the head to the same side. |
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Diaphragm
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Diaphragm
O - Costal attachment - inner surface of lower 6 ribs. Lumbar attachment - Upper 2/3 lumbar vertebrae. Sternal attachment - inner part of xiphoid process. I - Central tendon A - Draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm + Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during INHALATION. |
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SCM
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SCM
O - Sternal head - top of manubrium Clavicular head - medial 1/3 of the clavicle. I - mastoid process of temporal bone & the lateral portion of superior nuchal line of occiput. A - laterally flex the head & neck to the same side. - Rotate the head & neck to the opposite side. - Bilaterally flex the neck. |
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What is EXCITABILITY in relation to muscle tissue?
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Excitability is the ability to receive & respond to a stimulus / chemical-electrical impulse-contraction.
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What is CONTRACTILITY in relation to muscle tissue?
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Contractility is the ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated / creates movement.
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What is EXTENSIBILITY in relation to muscle tissue?
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Extensibility is the ability to be stretched or extended / can be stretched 3 x contracted length.
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What is ELASTICITY in relation to muscle tissue?
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Elasticity is the ability to recoil & resume resting length after being stretched.
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What is ENDOMYSIUM in relation to the gross anatomy of myofascia?
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Endomysium surrounds & separates individual muscle fibres.
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What is PERIMYSIUM in relation to the gross anatomy of myofascia?
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Perimysium is the coarser fibrous membrane / surrounds fascicles / merges into the epimysium and into the tendon.
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What is EPIMYSIUM in relation to the gross anatomy of myofascia?
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Epimysium is the dense irregular Connective Tissue / surrounds whole muscle / tougher overcoat / continuous with the tendon.
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Describe the SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY - in essence
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- message sent from nervous system that tells muscle fibre(s) to contract (via a neuromuscular junction).
- the message causes the storage site of calcium within the muscle fibre to release stored calcium into the sarcoplasm. - the rise in intracellular (inside the fibre) calcium ions causes the 2 contractile protein myofilaments (actin & myosin) to slide over each other (the myosin pulls the actin towards the centre of the fibre) causing muscle contraction. - when the stimulus ends the calcium goes back into the storage site, the actin and myosin can no longer interact and the muscle relaxes. |
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Name the 2 contractile protein's
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Actin
Myosin |
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What does SARCOPLASM contain?
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Sarcoplasm contains stored GLYCOGEN & Myoglobin & Organelles such as myofibrils / sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules.
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Where is GLYCOGEN stored?
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Glycogen is stored in the Sarcoplasm.
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Name the 2 main bands
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A-band = DARK = myosin centre of sarcomere
I-band = LIGHT = actin only |
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What is SARCOMERE?
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Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit, made up of protein myofilaments (myosin & actin filaments).
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Which band is ACTIN found in?
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I-Band = Light = Actin only
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Which band is MYOSIN found in?
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A-Band = myosin, centre of sarcomere
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What is the centre of the I-Band?
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Z-Disc = Centre of I-band
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Where is the H-zone found?
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H-zone = myosin only part of A-Band
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What is APONEUROSES?
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Aponeuroses is layers of flat broad tendons.
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True or False
Increasing the stimulus DOES NOT increase force of contraction |
True
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True of False
Muscle response to changes in stimulus strength |
True - a hand can pat a cheek and also deliver a blow
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The strength of muscle response is affected by what?
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- frequency of stimulation
- number of muscle fibres stimulated - relative size of the fibres - degree of muscle stretch (aka the length-tension relationship) - muscle architecture |
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What determines muscle fatigue?
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- muscle system being used
- health of tissue - number of motor units being fired |
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What is muscle stiffness?
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Muscle stiffness is when a muscle is less flexible, less elastic, Tight, and could restrict movement.
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What is an AGONIST?
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An Agonist (prime mover) - shortens with contraction to produce a movement.
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What is a ANTAGONIST?
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Following a contraction, the ANTAGONIST muscle paired to the Agonist muscle, returns the limb to the previous position.
Extension: Triceps acts as the AGONIST and the Biceps the ANTAGONIST |
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What is a SYNERGIST?
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Synergist muscles act around a movable joint to produce motion similar to or in concert with AGONIST muscles, allowing for a range of possible movements.
Synergist work / aid Agonist |
