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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the heart located? |
between the two lungs in the thoracic cavity |
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What is the apex? |
Pointed end formed by the tip of the left ventricle and rests on the diaphragm |
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What is the base? |
Posterior surface. Formed by the atria and mostly the left atrium, which the four pulmonary veins open, and a position of the right atrium that receives the superior/inferior vena cavae |
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What is the superior boarder? |
Formed by both atria and auricles |
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What is the inferior boarder? |
Formed by the right atrium and slightly by left ventricle |
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What is the left border? |
Pulmonary border. Formed by the left ventricle and little of the left auricle |
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What is the right border? |
Formed by the right atrium |
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What is the pericardium? |
Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. Confines the heart to its position within the mediastinum |
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What does the pericardium consist of? |
Fibrous and Serous pericardium |
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Describe the fibrous pericardium |
Outer superficial layer composed of tough fibrous connective tissue. Outer surface adheres to blood vessels, diaphragm, parietal pleura and inside sternal wall of thorax and dorsal thorax wall |
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Describe the serous pericardium |
Deeper, thin layer that forms a double layer around the heart. Has a Parietal layer and Visceral layer |
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Describe the parietal layer |
outer serous layer. Thin, delicate membrane fused to the fibrous pericardium
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Describe the visceral layer |
Inner layer also known as the EPICARDIUM, covers outer part of the heart and great vessel |
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Describe the pericardial cavity |
Potential space between parietal and visceral layers. Contains serous fluid that acts as a lubricant. Allows heart to move freely and contract within the pericardial sac. |
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What are the three layers of the heart wall? |
Epicardium - outermost layer |
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Describe the epicardium |
Thick, transparent outer layer that covers the outer surface of the myocardium. Functions to secrete fluid into pericardial cavity and allows heart to contract freely |
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Describe the myocardium |
Muscular layer composed of specially arranged diagonal cardiac bundles. Involuntary that makes the heart contract! |
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What makes up the four chambers of the heart? |
Two ventricles - inferior chambers |
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What are sulci? |
On the surface of the heart. Grooves containing coronary blood vessels |
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What are the three important sulcus? |
Coronary sulcus - encircle most of heart, marks boundary between atria and ventricles |
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Functions of the right atrium |
Receives deoxygenated blood
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What separates the right and left atria? |
The Interatrial septum |
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What is the fossa ovalis? |
Prominent depression in the septum which is the remnant of the foramen ovale. |
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What is the superior vena cava? |
Brings blood mainly from parts of thebody avobe the heart |
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What is the inferior vena cava? |
Brings blood mostly from parts of the body below the heart |
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What is the coronary sinus? |
Drains blood from most of the vessels supplying the wall of the heart |
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What is the pulmonary trunk? |
Divides into a right and left pulmonary artery, each of which carries blood to the corresponding lung
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What are arteries? |
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
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What is the pulmonary veins? |
Oxygenated blood that enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins |
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What is the ligamentum arteriosum? |
Between the pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta. Remnant of the ductus arteriosum from the fetal heart. |
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What is the chordinae tendinae? |
Tendon-like cords that prevent the valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when the ventricles contract and are aligned to allow the valve cusps to tightly close the valve |
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What are the AV valves? |
Lie between the atria and ventricles. Tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, semilunar valve, aortic valve and pulmonary valve |
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Functions of the tricuspid valve? |
Consists of three cusps and their pointed ends project into the ventricle |
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Functions of the bicuspid valve? |
Has two cusps that work in the same way as the cusps of the tricuspid valve. For blood to pass from an atrium to a ventricle, an AV valve must open |
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Describe the pulmonary valve |
lies in the opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle |
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Describe the aortic valve |
Situated at the opening between the left ventricle and aorta. |
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Describe the semilunar valves |
Each valve consists of THREE semilunar cusps that permit blood to flow in one direction only - from ventricles into the arteries |
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What is coronary circulation? |
The flow of blood through numerous vessels in the myocardium |
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What is the coronary sinus? |
Most of the deoxygenated blood is collected by a large vein on the posterior surface of the heart, the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium |
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What is anastomoses? |
Connection that provide alternative routes for blood to reach a particular organ or tissue |
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Why does the myocardium have alot of anastomoses? |
They connect branches of a given coronary artery or extend between branches of different coronary arteries. They provide detours for arterial blood if a main route becomes obstructed |
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What arteries deliver blood to the heart? |
The right and left coronary arteries |
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What veins drain blood from the heart into the coronary sinus? |
The coronary veins |
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What is the sinoatrial node? |
Cardiac excitation usually begins here. An action potential spontaneously arises in a SA node and then conducts throughout both atria via gap junctions in the intercalated discs of atria fibers |
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What is the atrioventricular bundle? |
The action potential enters here from the AV node in the interventricular septum. Only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles |
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What is the right and left bundle branches? |
The action potential enters here from the AV bundle. They course through the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart |
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What is the Purkinje fibers? |
Rapidly conduct the action potential, first to the apex of the ventricles and then upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then, a fraction of a second after the atria contract, the ventricles contract |
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Differentiate the functions between the right and left ventricles |
Right Ventricle: has less workload, only pumping blood to lungs. Left Ventricle: pumps great distances to all parts of body |
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What is Systemic Circulation? |
Left side of the heart, receives bright red oxygenated blood from lungs
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What is pulmonary circulation? |
Right side of heart, receives all deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation |
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What 3 major veins is blood gathered by? |
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
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What does the descending aorta and aortic arch divide into? |
Briachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and the left subclavian |
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Describe the left coronary artery |
Passes inferior to left auricle and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches |
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Describe the right coronary artery |
Supplies atrial branches to right atrium and continues inferior to right auricle. Divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches. |
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What is the anterior interventricular artery? |
Within the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies O2 rich blood to the walls of both ventricles |
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What is the circumflex branch? |
Lies within the coronary sulcus and distributes O2 rich blood to walls of left atrium and ventricle |
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What is the marginal branch? |
In coronary sulcus and transports O2 rich blood to myocardium of right ventricle |
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What is an anastomoses? |
Connections between arteries and veins supplying the same region |
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What is systole? |
Contraction phase
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What is diastole? |
Relaxation phase |
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What is atrial systole |
Contraction of both the atria and ventricles relax. As atria contract, forces blood though the AV valves |
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What is ventricular systole? |
Contraction of right and left ventricles. Atria relax and heart makes a LUBB sound after valve closes. Ventricular pressure increases until semilunar valves open |
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What is cardiac diastole? |
Relaxation of both atria and ventricles. Atria filling with blood after ventricles relax. Decreases as heart beats faster, makes the DUBB sound |
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What is ventricular diastole? |
Relaxation of ventricle. When pressure falls, AV valves open and ventricles passively fill with blood |
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What makes up the conduction system |
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and atrioventricular bundle |
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Descirbe the sinoatrial node |
Autorythmic fibers in right atrium wall act as heart's pacemaker and initiates cardiac potentials. |
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Describe the atrioventricular node |
Action from SA node reaches, located just anterior to the coronary sinus |
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Describe the atrioventricular bundle |
Potential continues and conduct from atria to ventricles. Branches through interventricular septum toward apex |
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What is the purkinje fibers |
Rapidly conduct potentials from apex upward to remaining ventricular myocardium |
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What causes the "lubb" sound? |
A long, booming sound from the AV valves closing after ventricular systole begins |
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What causes the "dubb" sound? |
A second sound, a short sharp sound from the semilunar valves closing at the end of ventricular systole |
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What is cardiac output? |
The volume of blood ejected per minute from the left ventricle into the aorta |
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What is stroke volume? |
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each beat (contraction) |
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What is heart rate? |
The number of heartbeats per minute |
