Mr. Lindsay Unit 4 Chapter 28

Front 1

Reproductive system

Back 1

Ensures the continued existence of the human species-by producing, storing, nourishing, and transporting functional male and female reproductive cells

Front 2

Gametes

Back 2

Male and female sex cells with 23 chromosomes each (haploid)

Front 3

Gonads

Back 3

Reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones

Front 4

External genitalia

Back 4

Perineal structures of the reproductive system

Front 5

Testes

Back 5

Male gonads that secrete sex hormones called androgens

Front 6

spermatozoa

Back 6

Male gametes produced by testes, aka sperm. Males make millions every day

Front 7

semen

Back 7

Secretion produced during emission. Mature spermatozoa travel along a lengthy duct system, where they are mixed with th secretions of accessory glands.

Front 8

ovaries

Back 8

Female gonads in adult females, release only one immature oocyte called an oocyte

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ovum

Back 9

When the oocyte matures after the process of fertilization

Front 10

Pathway of the spermatozoa

Back 10

testes -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

Front 11

scrotum

Back 11

a fleshy pouch suspended inferior to the perineum

Front 12

penis

Back 12

erectile organ, contains the distal portion of urethra

Front 13

cryptorchidism

Back 13

If a teste does not descend properly

Front 14

Inguinal hernia

Back 14

If abdominal viscera protrude into inguinal canal

Front 15

Spermatic cords

Back 15

extend between abdominopelvic cavity and testes. Enclose ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of testes.

Front 16

Testicular torsion

Back 16

testicle spontaneously twists restricting blood flow in the spermatic cord

Front 17

Normal sperm development

Back 17

requires temperatures 1.1C loser than body temperature

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dartos muscle

Back 18

Is a layer of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum. Causes characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface from elevation of the testes

Front 19

cremaster muscle

Back 19

encircles testes, tenses and pulls testes closer to body

Front 20

seminiferous tubules

Back 20

produce sperm, testes contain about 1/2 mile of tightly coiled seminiferous tubules

Front 21

Interstitial cells

Back 21

AKA Leydig cells. Produce androgens, dominant male sex hormones. Testosterone is the most important androgen

Front 22

Spermatogenesis

Back 22

Is the process of sperm production, begins at outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules, proceeds toward lumen.

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Spermatogonia

Back 23

male gamete stem cells, divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells (diploid). One remains as spermatogonium, second differentiates into primary spermatocyte

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spermatozoa

Back 24

primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to become a spermatozoa or sperm (haploid)

Front 25

nurse cells

Back 25

aka sustentacular or Sertoli cells. Support the process of spermiogenesis. Maintain blood-testes barrier. Support of mitosis and meiosis. Secretion of Inhibin, secretion of Androgen Binding Protein and secretion of Mullerian-Inhibiting Factor

Front 26

Meiosis

Back 26

A special form of cell division involved only in production of gametes

Front 27

Male meiosis I

Back 27

Meiosis I, primary spermatocyte contain 46 chromosomes. Divides into two daughter cells containing 23 chromosomes each.

Front 28

Male meiosis II

Back 28

the 2 secondary spermatocytes divide to form 4 spermatids, each containing 23 chromosomes

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spermiogenesis

Back 29

physical maturation of spermatid into a single spermatozoon. Last step in spermatogenesis

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Crossing over

Back 30

In prophase I of meiosis I, maternal and paternal chromatids come together and exchange genetic material that increases genetic variation among offspring

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tetrad

Back 31

four matched chromatids, in prophase I of meiosis I

Front 32

Prophase I

Back 32

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle apparatus forms. Each chromosomes has two chromatids. Synapsis, maternal and paternal chromosomes come together, four matched chromatids form tetrad. Crossing over

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Metaphase I

Back 33

Tetrads line up along metaphase place

Front 34

Anaphase I

Back 34

maternal and paternal chromosomes separate

Front 35

telophase I

Back 35

formation of two daughter cells. Each has a unique combination of chromosomes

Front 36

Meiosis Interphase

Back 36

separates meiosis I from meiosis II, is very brief. DNA is not replicated. Chromosomes duplicate

Front 37

Prophase II

Back 37

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle apparatus forms

Front 38

Metaphase II

Back 38

chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

Front 39

Anaphase II

Back 39

chromatids separate

Front 40

Telophase II

Back 40

yeilds four haploid cells

Front 41

Sperm maturation

Back 41

sperm are functionally immature after detachment from nurse cells. Migrate to the epididymis for maturation

Front 42

Epididymis

Back 42

Start of the male reproductive tract, is a coiled tube almost 7 m long. Monitors and adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules, recycles damaged spermatozoa, stores and protects sperm -> facilitates functional maturation

Front 43

Haploid

Back 43

Contain 23 individual chromosomes, only one member of each pair of chromosomes

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Diploid

Back 44

Comtain both members of each chromosome pair, for a total of 46 chromosomes

Front 45

blood testes barrier

Back 45

isolates the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation. Nurse cells are joined by tight junctions. They form a layer that divides the seminiferous tubule into an outer basal compartment and an inner luminal compartment

Front 46

Ductus deferens.

Back 46

Begins at tail of the epididymis and, as part of the spermatic cord, ascends through inguinal canal. Contains smooth muscle -> peristalsis

Front 47

capacitation

Back 47

Spermatozoa become motile when mixed with secreations of seminal glands, spermatozoa become capable of fertilization when exposed to female reproductive tract

Front 48

Ejaculatory duct

Back 48

penetrates wall of prostate gland

Front 49

urethra

Back 49

is used by urinary and reproductive systems, extends from urinary bladder to tip of penis

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accessory glands

Back 50

produce semen, inportant glands inclue seminal glands, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Front 51

prostate gland

Back 51

below urinary bladder, encircles promial portion of urethra. Prostatic fluid is slightly acidic, forms 20-30% of semen volume. Contains seminalplasmin

Front 52

bulbourethral glands

Back 52

located at base of penis, secrete thick, alkaline mucus. Helps neutralize urinary acids in urethra, lubricates the glans (tip of penis)

Front 53

seminal glands

Back 53

high concentration of fructose easily metabolized by spermatozoa ->energy. produce 60% of semen volume, initiates first step in capacitation. Is slightly alkaline to neutralize acids in prostate gland and vagina

Front 54

Root

Back 54

part of the penis, the fixed portion that attaches penis to body wall

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Body

Back 55

part of the penis, consists of three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue

Front 56

glans

Back 56

part of the penis, the expanded distal end of penis that surrounds external urethral orifice

Front 57

Corpora Cavernosa

Back 57

two cylindrical masses of erectile tissue located superiorly

Front 58

corpus spongiosum

Back 58

relatively slender eretile body that surrounds penile urethra

Front 59

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Back 59

From the hypothalamus, stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Front 60

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Back 60

targets interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Front 61

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Back 61

targets nurse cells to promote spermatogenesis

Front 62

Inhibin

Back 62

depresses production of FSH by anterior pituitary. Faster the rate of sperm production, the more inhibin is secreted

Front 63

testosterone

Back 63

inhibit the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. Maintains libido and related behaviors, stimulates bone and muscle growth, establishes and maintains male secondary sex characteristics, maintains accessory glands and organs of reproductive system

Front 64

Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

Back 64

binds androgens within the seminiferous tubules, which increases the local concentration of androgens and stimulates the physical maturation of spermatids

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prepuce

Back 65

fold of skin that surrounds the tip of the penis, aka foreskin

Front 66

benign prostatic hypotrophy

Back 66

enlargement of the prostate gland, typical in men over 50. Testosterone levels decrease and causes prostate swelling. This swelling can constrict and block the urethra and rectum. If not corrected, can cause permanent kidney damage

Front 67

Female reproductive system

Back 67

produces sex hormones, protects and supports developing embryo, nourishes newborn infant

Front 68

ovaries

Back 68

Small, almond-shaped organs near lateral walls of pelvic cavity. Functions include: production of immature female gametes (oocytes), secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens, progestins), secretion of inhibin, involved in feedback control of pituitary FSH

Front 69

Oogenesis

Back 69

AKA ovum production, begins before birth (2 million primordial follicles at birth), accelerates at puberty (400,000 primordial follicles at beginning of puberty), ends at menopause

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Ovarian cycle

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events which occur in ovaries during a 28-day cycle. Divided into follicular phase (preovulatory phase) and Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)

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Follicular phase

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(Days 1-14) 1) FSH triggers the development of primordial follicle -> primary follicle 2) Primary -> secondary follicle (surrounded by granulosa and thecal cells which work together to produce estrogens, dominant hormone prior to ovulation) 3) Secondary follicle -> tertiary follicle 4) surge of LH triggers ovulation of the oocyte on day 14.

Front 72

Luteal phase

Back 72

(days 15-28) 1) granulosa cells in the empty tertiary follicle proliferate and form -> corpus luteum 2) corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens (prepares the uterus for pregnancy, provides negative feedback; keeps other follicles from developing 3) if pregnancy does not occur (corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans, end of ovarian cycle)

Front 73

Uterine tubes

Back 73

AKA Fallopian tubes or oviducts. Transport oocyte from ovary to uters; 3-4 days. For fertilization to occur, secondary oocyte must meet spermatozoa during first 12-24 hours. Fertilization typically occurs between the ampulla and isthmus

Front 74

Uterus

Back 74

provides for developing embryoe and fetus. Mechanical protection, nutritional support, waste removal

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Embryo

Back 75

Weeks 1-8 or fertilized oocyte

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Fetus

Back 76

weeks 9 through delivery of fertilized oocyte

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Uterine body

Back 77

largest portion of uterus, ideal location for implantation of zygote

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cervix

Back 78

inferior entrance to uterus, site of PAP smear

Front 79

Perimetrium

Back 79

Continuous with the peritoneum, outer covering of the uterus

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myometrium

Back 80

thick, muscular layer that expels the fetus

Front 81

endometrium

Back 81

thin, glandular layer that provides nutrition to the developing fetus. two division: 1) Functional zone- if pregnancy does not ocur, spiral arteries deteriorate in response to sex hormone changes, layer will shed during menses. 2) basilar zone- remains relatively constant, will regenerate the functional zone after menses

Front 82

Uterine cycle

Back 82

AKA menstral cycle. Is a repeating series of changes in endometrium, lasts an average of 28 days, responds to hormones of ovarian cycle. Three phases: menses, proliferation phase and secretory phase

Front 83

Menses

Back 83

The degeneration of functional zone. Triggered by low levels of estrogen and progesterone. Spiral arteries constrict, reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients. Degenerating tissues break away, enter uterine lumen. Typically lasts 1-7 days

Front 84

Mestration

Back 84

Is the process of endometrial sloughing

Front 85

Proliferation Phase

Back 85

Elithelial cells of uterine glands multiply and spread across endometrial surface, rebuild the functional zone. It is stimulated and sustained by estrogens secreted by developing ovarian follicles

Front 86

Secretory phase

Back 86

endometrial glands enlarge, secrete glycogen rich fluid. Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact. Ends as corpus luteum stops producing estrogens, progesterone and inhibin

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Menarche

Back 87

The first uterine cycle, begins at puberty (age 11-12)

Front 88

Menopause

Back 88

The termination of uterine cycles (age 45-55)

Front 89

The vagina

Back 89

Is an elastic, muscular tube. Lined with non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia. Resident bacterial population produce acids which inhibit the growth of pathogens.

Front 90

Functions of the vagina

Back 90

Passageway for elimination of menstral fluids, receives spermatozoa during sexual intercourse, forms the inferior portion of the birth canal

Front 91

Mammary glands

Back 91

secrete mild to nourish an infant, nipple on each breast contains ducts from mammary glands to surface, areola, development is triggered by estrogens and hormones from the placenta

Front 92

areola

Back 92

reddish-brown skin around each nipple

Front 93

Greater vestibular glands

Back 93

Bartholin's glands. Located on either side of the distal portion of the vagina, during sexual arousal, secrete into the vestibule. These mucous glands keep the area moist and lubricated. The vestibular glands have the same embryonic origin as the bulbourethral glands in males.

Front 94

Estrogen

Back 94

stimulates bone and muscle growth, maintains female secondary sex characteristis, affects CNS activity, maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs, intiates repair and growth of endometrium

Front 95

Sexual intercourse

Back 95

introduces semen into female reprodutive tract

Front 96

Ejaculation

Back 96

In males, increased sympathetic innervation -> powerful, rhythmis contractions. Push semen toward external urethral opening

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Impotence

Back 97

AKA male sexual dysfunction. Inability to achieve or maintain an erection. Caused by physical or psychological factors

Front 98

Oogonium

Back 98

Female gamete stem cell, complete their mitotic divisions before birth

Front 99

Female meiosis I

Back 99

Between 3rd and 7th months of fetal development, the daughter cells or primary oocytes perpare to undergo meiosis. The proceed as far as the prophase of meiosis I, but then comes to a halt until puberty. At the end of meiosis I, a first polar body and a secondary oocyte are created from the primary oocyte

Front 100

Female Meiosis II

Back 100

Secondary oocytes leave the ovary suspended in metaphase of meiosis II. At the time of fertilization, a second polar body forms and the fertilized oocyte is then called a mature ovum

Front 101

thecal cells

Back 101

A layer of cells adjacent to granulosa cells in the ovarian stroma. These cells work with granulosa cells to produce sex hormones called estrogens

Front 102

corpus luteum

Back 102

An endocrine structure, names for its yellow color and created via LH stimulation. Cholesterol contained within this structure is used to manufacture the steroid hormone progesterone. It also secretes moderate amounts of estrogen

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progesterone

Back 103

The main hormone in the luteal phase, Primary function is to prepare the uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the uterine lining and the secreation of uterine glands.

Front 104

Granulosa cells

Back 104

These cells are produced as the follicular cells enlarge, divide and form several layers of cells around the growing primary oocyte. These follicular cells then become round in appearance.

Front 105

Corpus albicans

Back 105

A knot of pale scar tissue formed from the disintegration of the corpus luteum invaded by fibroblasts

Front 106

ovulation

Back 106

the tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte. The distended follicular wall suddenly ruptures, ejecting the follicular contents, including the secondary oocyte and corona radiata, into the pelvic cavity. The oocyte is moved into the uterine tube

Front 107

fimbrae

Back 107

fingerline projections that extend into the pelvic cavity

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Spiral arteries

Back 108

Supply the functional zone with blood

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Polar body

Back 109

cells created in oogenesis that are nonfunctional and will later disintegrate

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corona radiata

Back 110

a protective layer formed by granulosa cells still associated with the secondary oocyte