Mr. Lindsay Unit 3 Chapter 9

Front 1

Joint

Back 1

AKA articulation, where movement occurs. Where two bones meet, because the bones of the skeleton are fairly inflexible.

Front 2

Range of Motion (ROM)

Back 2

The amount of movement possible in a joint

Front 3

Synarthrosis

Back 3

An immovable joint that can be fibrous (suture or gomphosis), cartilaginous (synchondrosis), or bony (synostosis), depending on the nature of the connection.

Front 4

Suture

Back 4

Fibrous synarthrosis. A synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 5

Gomphosis

Back 5

Fibrous synarthrosis. A synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament

Front 6

Synchondrosis

Back 6

Cartilaginous synarthrosis. It is a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. Ex: cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium of the sternum; epiphyseal cartilage which connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis growing along a long bone.

Front 7

Synostosis

Back 7

Bony synarthrosis. It is a totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears. Ex: the frontal suture of the frontal bone, the fusion of an infant's left and right mandibular bones, and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones

Front 8

Amphiarthrosis

Back 8

A slightly movable joint. Is either fibrous (syndesmosis) or cartilaginous (symphysis). More movement than synarthrosis, but is much stronger than a freely movable joint.

Front 9

Syndesmosis

Back 9

Fibrous Amphiarthrosis. Bones are connected by a ligament. Ex: distal joint between tibia and fibula

Front 10

Symphysis

Back 10

Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis. The articulating bones are connected by a wedge or a pad of fibrocartilage. Ex: joint between the two pubic bones

Front 11

Diarthrosis

Back 11

Freely movable joints. Monoaxial- movement in one plane; elbow, ankle. Biaxial- movement in two planes; ribs and wrist. Triaxial- movement in three planes; shoulder, hip

Front 12

Synovial

Back 12

Diarthrosis. Permit a wider range of motion than do other types of joints. They are typically located at the ends of long bones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.

Front 13

Joint capsule

Back 13

AKA articular capsule, two-layer. Surrounds the synovial membrane and an outer fibrous capsule.

Front 14

Articular cartilage

Back 14

Resembles hyaline cartilage, however, has no perichondrium and the matrix contains more water than that of other cartilage. Surface is slick and smooth which reduces friction during movement at the joint

Front 15

Synovial fluid

Back 15

Resembles interstitial fluid but contain proteoglycans with a high concentration of hyaluronan secreted by fibroblasts. Functions include: lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption

Front 16

Ligaments

Back 16

A dense band of connective tissue fiber that attaches one bone to another bone

Front 17

Meniscus

Back 17

AKA articular disc, is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint

Front 18

Tendons

Back 18

Not part of the joint itself but those passing across or around a joint may limit the joint's range of motion and provide mechanical support for it. Ex: tendons associated with the muscles of the arm help brace the shoulder joint.

Front 19

Sprain

Back 19

When a ligament is stretched so much that some of the collagen fibers are torn, but the ligament as a whole survives and the joint is not damaged

Front 20

Bursae

Back 20

Small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. Form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues. Reduce friction and are shock absorbers.

Front 21

Synovial Tendon Sheath

Back 21

Tubular bursae that surround tendons where they cross bony surfaces

Front 22

Bursitis

Back 22

When a Bursae is injured and becomes inflamed and swollen with synovial fluid. This causes pain in the affected area whenever the tendon or ligament moves. Associated with repetitive motion and typically occurs in the shoulder

Front 23

Bunion

Back 23

Form over the base of the great toe as a result of friction and distortion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint from wearing tight shoes, especially narrow shoes with pointed toes.

Front 24

Dislocation

Back 24

AKA luxation; occurs when reinforcing structure cannot protect a joint from extreme stresses. The displacement can damage the articular cartilages, tear ligaments, or distort the joint capsule

Front 25

Subluxation

Back 25

The damage accompanying a partial dislocation. People who are double jointed are more prone to partial or complete dislocations

Front 26

Flexion

Back 26

is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones

Front 27

Extension

Back 27

occurs in the anterior-posterior plane, but it increases the angle between articulating bones

Front 28

Gliding Joint

Back 28

AKA Plane Joint. Have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another, but the amount of movement is very slight. Ex: acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints, intercarpal joint, vertebrocostal joint, sacroiliac joint

Front 29

Hinge Joint

Back 29

permit angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door. Ex: elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint

Front 30

Condylar Joint

Back 30

AKA ellipsoidal joint. Have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on the opposing surface. Ex: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5, metatarsophalangeal joint

Front 31

Saddle Joint

Back 31

Have complex articular faces and fit together like a rider in a saddle. Each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other. Ex: First carpometacarpal joint

Front 32

Pivot Joint

Back 32

Only permit rotation. Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint

Front 33

Ball-and-Socket joint

Back 33

the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. Ex: shoulder joint, hip joint

Front 34

hyperextension

Back 34

Extension past the anatomical position. Ex: neck is __________ when looking at the ceiling

Front 35

Abduction

Back 35

is movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane. Ex: swinging the upper limb to the side is an ____________ of the limb

Front 36

Adduction

Back 36

Movement back to the anatomical position. Ex: Moving the abducted fingers back together

Front 37

Circumduction

Back 37

Special type of circular angular movement. Ex: moving your arm in a loop

Front 38

Pronation

Back 38

As the shaft of the radius rotates, the distal epiphysis of the radius rolls across the anterior surface of the ulna. It turns the wrist and palm facing front to palm facing back

Front 39

Supination

Back 39

When the palm is facing back. In anatomical position, the forearm is in ___________.

Front 40

Inversion

Back 40

Is a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole

Front 41

Eversion

Back 41

The the twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole outward

Front 42

Dorsiflexion

Back 42

Flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel

Front 43

Plantar flexion

Back 43

Extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel, as when you stand on your tiptoe

Front 44

Opposition

Back 44

Movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or the pads of other fingers. Involves movement of first carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

Front 45

Reposition

Back 45

The movement that returns the thumb and fingers from opposition

Front 46

Protraction

Back 46

Moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane. You _________ you jaw when you jut your chin forward

Front 47

Retraction

Back 47

Opposite of protraction. You _______ your jaw when you return it to its normal position

Front 48

Elevation

Back 48

When a structure moves in a superior direction. You _______ your mandible as you close your mouth.

Front 49

Depression

Back 49

When a structure moves to an inferior position. You _________ your mandible when you open your mouth.

Front 50

Lateral Flexion

Back 50

Occurs when your vertebral column bends to the other side. This movement is most pronounced in the cervical and thoracic regions.

Front 51

Intervertebral discs

Back 51

From axis to sacrum, the vertebrae are separated and cushioned by pads of fibrocartilage.

Front 52

Anulus Fibrosus

Back 52

A tough outer layer of fibrocartilage which each intervertebral disc has

Front 53

Nucleus Pulposus

Back 53

A soft, elastic, gelatinous core surrounded by the anulus fibrosus

Front 54

Vertebral end plates

Back 54

Thin and cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the disc almost completely. Composed of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

Front 55

Bulging disc

Back 55

When the compressed nucleus pulposus of a disc distorts the anulus fibrosus, forcing it partway into the vertebral canal

Front 56

Herniated disc

Back 56

When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus and it protrudes into the vertebral canal. When a disc does this, it compresses spinal nerves and may cause pain.

Front 57

Shoulder joint

Back 57

AKA glenohumeral joint; permits the greatest range of motion of any joint. Also the most frequently dislocated, demonstrated the principle of stability must be sacrificed to obtain mobility. ball-and-socket diarthrosis formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Front 58

Glenoid labrum

Back 58

Fibrocartilaginous substance that increases the area of the glenoid cavity and continues beyond the bony rim and deepens the socket

Front 59

Muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff

Back 59

tendon of Supraspinatus muscle, tendon of Infraspinatus muscle, Teres minor muscle, Subscapularis muscle (SITS). These muscles are the primary mechanism for supporting the shoulder joint and limiting its range of motion.

Front 60

Hip Joint

Back 60

A sturdy ball-and-socket diarthrosis that permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation

Front 61

Acetabulum

Back 61

A deep fossa, accommodates the head of the femur. Contains articular cartilage that extends like a horseshoe to either side of the acetabular notch

Front 62

Acetabular lubrum

Back 62

a projecting rim of rubbery fibrocartilage, increases the depth of the joint cavity and helps to seal in synovial fluid

Front 63

4 ligaments reinforce articular capsule of the hip joint

Back 63

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, transverse acetabular ligaments

Front 64

Ligamentum Teres

Back 64

AKA Ligament of the Femoral Head, 5th ligament of the hip joint; originates along the transverse acetabular ligament and attaches to the fovea capitis, a small pit at the center of the femoral head . This ligament tenses only when the hip is flexed and the thigh is undergoing lateral rotation

Front 65

Knee Joint

Back 65

Transfers the weight from the femur to the tibia. Functions as a hinge. The rounded condyles of the femur roll across the superior surface of the tibia, so the points of contact are constantly changing. THe joint permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation.

Front 66

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Back 66

located inside the joint capsule of the knee; attach the intercondylar area of the tibia to the condyles of the femur. Limit posterior and anterior movement of the tibia and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles

Front 67

Tibial Collateral Joint

Back 67

AKA Medial Collateral Ligament (CML) reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint.Tightens only at full extension, the position in which it stabilizes the joint.

Front 68

Fibular Collateral Ligament

Back 68

AKA Lateral Collateral ligament (LCL) reinforces the lateral surface of the knee joint. Tightens only at full extension, the position in which it stabilizes the joint.

Front 69

Quadriceps Tendon

Back 69

Responsible for extending the knee passes of the anterior surface of the joint

Front 70

Patellar ligament

Back 70

The patella is embedded in the ligament; continues to its attachment on the anterior surface of the tibia

Front 71

Popliteal ligaments

Back 71

extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula. These ligaments reinforce the knee joint's posterior surface

Front 72

Osteoarthritis

Back 72

AKA degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD); generally age 60+. Can result from cumulative wear and tear at the joint surfaces or from genetic factors affecting collagen formation

Front 73

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 73

is an inflammatory condition generally women age 40-60. Occurs when the immune response mistakenly attacks joint tissue

Front 74

Gouty arthritis

Back 74

Crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints and eventually interferes with normal movement.