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266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acitvation energy
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the energy necessary to start a chemical reaction
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adaptaion
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a trait that makes a plant or an anmialbetter able to live in its environment
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adult
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the stage of an organism's life cycle in which it is fully grown and developed
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aerobic
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needing oxygen to live
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air mass
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a large body of air with certain temperature and moisture
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amniocentesis
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a test performed on pregnant women that detects certain birth disorders
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amplitude
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the height of a wave
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antibiotic
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a drug that fights bacteria
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antibody
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a protein made by white blood cells that attacks and kills invading germs
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antigen
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a foreign protein
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aqueduct
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a pipe or concrete channel that carries water from a reservoir
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artery
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a large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to parts of the body
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asphalt
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a black substance that is used for paving roads
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atmosphere
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the air surrounding a planet
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atom
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the smallest particle of an element
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bacteria
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simple one-celled organisms
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bar graph
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a type of illustration that is used to compares sets of information
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bark
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the woody outer part of a plant stem
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basal cell skin cancer
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a type of slow-growing cancer that often appears on the hands or face as an open sore, reddish patch, mole, or scar
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biome
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a large region with a certain climate and certain living things
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boiling
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the rapid change of matter from a liquid to gas
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bud
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on a plant, area of growth that develpo into leaves and flowers
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caption
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a short passage that accompanies a photograph or illustration
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carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle
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a process in which plants use carbon dioxide given off by other living things and make oxygen, which is in turn used by the other living things
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caterpillar
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the wormlike stage in the life cycle of a butterfly or moth
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cause
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something that makes another thing happen
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cell
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the smallest unit of a living thing that can carry on life processes
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cell membrane
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a layer around the cell that controls what can enter or leave the cell
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chart
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an organized list that gives information in a form that is easy to read
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chemical change
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a change in the property of matters; a chemical change makes new substances
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chemical equation
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a statement that shows the rectants and products of a reaction
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chemical formula
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a group of symbols used to describe a compound(example: H2Ois the chemical formula for water
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chemical reaction
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a process in which elements or compounds are changed into other substances
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chemical symbol
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a kind of shorthand that chemists use in which one or two letters stand for an element
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chemistry
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the study of matter and its changes
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cholesterol
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a fatlike substances found in all animals
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chromosome
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a strand of genetic material, or DNA
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circle graph
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a graph used to show parts of a whole; also known as a pie chart
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classifying
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grouping things that are similar to help understand how they work
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collision
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the result of a moving objects striking another object
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collid
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a mixture of fine particles suspended in another substances, usually a liquid
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combustion
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the chemical change also known as burning, in which oxygen reacts with fuel to create light and heat
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compare
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to tell how things are alike
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composting
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the breaking down of organic material in the soil by aerobic bacteria, fungi, insects, and worms
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compound
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two or more elements combined chemically
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compund machine
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a machine made up of two or more simple machines
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conclusion
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a logical judgement based on facts
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condensation
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the change from a gas to a liquid
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conglomerate
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a type of sedimentary rock formed from large pebbles and stones
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context
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surrounding material; you can often figure out the meaning of an unknown word by looking at its context-the rest of the words in the sentence
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continental polar air mass
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a cold, dry air mass; for example, one that forms over Canada and the northern United States
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continental shelf
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the nearly flat area of the ocean bottom where the ocean meets the continent
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continental slope
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the sloping area that extends from the edge of the continental shelf to the ocean basin
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continental tropical air mass
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a warm, dry air mass; for example, one that forms over the southwestern United States
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contrast
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to tell how things are different
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control group
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in an experiment, a group that is similar to the experimental group except for one feature
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convergence
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the independent evolution of similar parts of unrelated organisms as adaptations to the environment(example: wings in bats,birds,and butterflies)
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core
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the center of something such as the Sun or earth
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cystoplasm
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a jellylike material that makes up most of a cell
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density
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the quanity of matter in a given unit of volume
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details
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small pieces of information that explain or support a main idea
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diagram
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a picture that explains what something looks like or how it works
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diode
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an electreonic device that allows current to flow in one direction only
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distillation
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the process for separating liquid mixtures
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DNA
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the genetic material found in chromosomes
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dominant trait
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a trait that can override a recessive trait
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Down syndrome
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a disorder caused by an extra chromosomes; childres born with Down syndrome are mildy to severely mentally retarded and may also have other health problems
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Earth and space science
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the study of Earth and the universe
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echolocation
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a system in which sound waves are sent out and their echoes interpreted to determine the direction and distance of objects; certain animals, such as dolphins and bats, use this
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echosystem
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an area in which living and nonliving things interact
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effect
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something that happens as a result of a cause
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effort
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the force that is being used to do work
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egg
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in animals, the female reproductive cell
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egg mass
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a clump of eggs
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elastic
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able to be stretched or compressed and then returned to the original shape
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electrolysis
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the process of using electricity to produce chemical changes; water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis
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electromagnetic field(EM field)
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the energy field surrounding and created by an electric current
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electron
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a particle in atoms that has a negative electrical charge
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electronics
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a branch of engineering concerned with devices that use electric current
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary means, such as heating or crushing
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embryo
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an organism in the early stages of development; a developing baby from the third to eight week in mother's womb
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EM field
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see electromagnetic field
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endothermic reaction
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a process in which heat is taken in(example: photosynthesis)
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energy
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the ability of matter to do work
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equator
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the imaginary circle around Earth halfway between the North and South Poles
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erode
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to wear away
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evaporation
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the slow change of a liquid to a gas
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evolution
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the gradual change in a species over time
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exothermic reaction
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a process in which heat is produced (example:combustion)
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experiment
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a procedure used to test a hypothesis
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group being tested
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external recycling
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the process in which individuals process waste materials so they can be made into new things
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fact
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a stement about something that actually happened or actually exists
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fat
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a substance that provides energy and building material for the body
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fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
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a group of birth defects that can occur when a pregnant womwan drinks alcohol
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fetus
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a developing baby from the third to ninth month
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filtration
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the process of seperating substances by passing a mixture through a screen or similar material
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flower
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in a plant, the reproductive organ that produces seeds and pollen
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flu
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influenza
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force
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a push or a pull
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forecast
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a prediction, as of the weather
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fossil
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the remains or imprint of a long-dead organism
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fossil fuel
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a fuel, such as coal,oil,or natural gas, that is formed from the remains of plants or animals that lived hundreds of millions of years ago
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freefall
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a condition in which an object is falling back to Earth
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freezing
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the change in matter from a liquid to a solid
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frequency
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the number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time
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friction
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a force between surfaces that tough
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front
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the leading edge of a moving air mass
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fuel
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a source of energy
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fusion
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see nuclear fusion
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gas
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a state of matter that does not have a definite size or shape and expands to fill its container
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gear
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a wheel with teeth; each gear turns on its own center
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genetic screening
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tests that can tell if certain diorders are likely to be inherited
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genetics
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the study of how traits are inherited
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glacier
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a mass of ice that forms when more snow falls than melts
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global warming
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a worldwide increase in average temperature
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glossary
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an alphabetical listing of important words and their definitions, located at the end of a text
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gravity
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the natural force of attraction between two objects(example: the pull of Earth on humans)
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greenhouse effect
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the warming of Earth caused by the absorption of infrared radiation into gases in the atmosphere
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groundwater
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water that is found underground(examples: springs and wells)
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heading
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the name of an article section that tells the topic or main idea of the text that follows
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hereditary
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capable of being passed from a parent to an offspring through a father's sperm or a mother's egg
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heridity
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the passing of traits from parents to their young
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humidity
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water vapor in the air
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hydrocarbon
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a compound made mostly of hydrogen and carbon
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hypothesis
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an explanation of how something work, based on many observations
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igneous rock
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rock formed when molten rock hardens
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implied
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not stated
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inclined plane
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a simple machine with a long, sloping surface that helps move an object(example: ramp)
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inference
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the use of information to figure out things that are not actually stated
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influenza(flu)
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an illness caused by a virus
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infrared radiation
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the energy Earth radiates back into the atmosphere
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inherit
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to acquire a trait or disease that is passed on from one's parents(exmples: hair color, Huntington's disease)
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inner planets
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the four planes closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus,Earth, and Mars
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integrated circuit
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tiny electronic components linked together to form a circuit
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internal recycling
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the process in which manufacturing business reuse their own waste materials
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ion
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an atom with a positive or negative electric charge
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joint
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the place where two or more bones come together
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key
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something that explains the symbols on a map or a graph
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kindling temperature
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the temperature at which a substance will burn
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landfill
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an area of open land that is filled with layers of garbage
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language
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a system of signs or sounds that refer to objects or ideas and that can be combined in different ways to produce different meanings
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laser
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a tool that produces a narrow, strong beam of light in which all the waves have the same frequency and wavelength and are in phase
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leaf
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the part of a plant that produces food from water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight
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lever
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a bar that turns on pivot
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life cycle
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the series of changes an animal goes through in its life
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life science
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the study of living things and how they affect one another
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ligament
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a strong band of tissue that connects bones at joints
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light
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a form of energy that travels in waves and makes vision possible
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linegraph
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a graph that shows how one thing changes as a second thing changes
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liquid
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a state of matter that takes up a definite amount of space but does not have a definite shape
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main idea
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the topic of a paragraph, passage, or diagram
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mammal
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an animal with a backbone, hair or fur, and milk-producing glands to feed its young
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map
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a drawing that shows places or features on Earth
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maritime polar air mass
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a cold, moist air mass; for example, one that forms over the northern Atlantic Ocean and northern Pacific Ocean
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mechanical advantage
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the number of times a machine multiplies your effort to do work
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melanoma
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a fast-growing skin cancer that may appear as oddly shaped blothes
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melting
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the change in matter from a solid to a liquid
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metamorphic rock
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rock formed in conditions of great heat and pressure
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meterologist
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a scientist who studies changes in Earth's atmosphere to forecast the weather
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microgravity
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apparent weightlessness experienced by objects that are falling or are in orbit around a body in space
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microprocessor
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an integrated circuit that functions as a computer's central processing unit
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mitochondria
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the part of cell that give the cell the energy it needs to grow and reproduce
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mitosis
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the process by which a celll's nucleus divides and therefore reproduces
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mixture
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a combination of two or more kinds of matter that can be seperated by physical means
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molecule
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the smallest particle of a compound
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momentum
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the property of a moving object that is a product of its mass and velocity
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monosaturated fat
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a type of fat found in some vegetable products
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mutation
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a change in gene
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mutualism
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a relationship in which two species help each other
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natural resources
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a natural material or space that humans need and use
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natural selection
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the survival of organisms best suited to their environment
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neutron
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a particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no electrical charge
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nitrate
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a substance made by soil-dwelling bacteria using nitrogen from the air
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nucleus
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in life science, a cell's control center, which contains genetic material; in chemistry and physics, the protons and neutrons forming the core of an atom(plural:nuclei)
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observation
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the act of watching or using other senses to gather information and learn about something
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ocean basin
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the bottom of the sea
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opinion
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a statement that expresses what a person or group of people think, feel or believe about a fact
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ore
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a rock ar earth from which minerals are extracted
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osteoporosis
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a condition of brittle bones common to older people, especially women
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outer planets
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the five planets farthest from the sun:Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus,Neptune, and Pluto
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oxidation
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the process in which a substance reacts with oxygen, causing the formation of new compound called an oxide
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overtone
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a frequency of sound that is an exact multiple of another frequency produced at the same time
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ozone
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a form of oxygen
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paleontologist
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a scientist who studies ancient forms of life
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parapharse
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to restate information in a different way that keeps the original meaning
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parasite
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an organism that lives on or in another organism and harms it
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photosynthesis
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the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, energy from sunlight, and water to make food
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PH scale
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a measurement from 0 to 14 of the strength of an acid or a base
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physical change
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a change in the appearence of matter without a change in its properties(example: the dissolving of sugar in water)
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physics
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the study of energy and forces and their effect on matter
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pitch
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the perceived frequency of a sound
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pivot
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the point around which an object turns
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placenta
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a structure that attaches the embryo/fetus to the uterus and allows substances to pass between the embryp/fetus and mother
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plaque
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deposits of cholesterol on the inside walls of arteries
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pneumonia
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an infection of the lungs caused by viruses or bacteria
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pollute
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to make dirty or contaminate
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polyunsaturated fat
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a type of fat found in some vegetable foods and fish
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precipitation
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water falling from the atmosphere in the form of rain,snow, or sleet
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prediction
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a guess about what may happen
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printed circuit board
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a board to which electronic components that form circuits are attached
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process diagram
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a type of drawing that shows steps in a process, often with arrows showing how one step leads to another
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product
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a substance that forms in a chemical reaction
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proton
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a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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punnett square
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a diagram used to show all possible combinations of a trait among offspring of two parents
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pupa
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the nonfeeding stage in the life cycle of some insects when their adult tissues are formed
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pure tone
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a sound made up of a single frequency
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radiant energy
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energy that exists in the form of waves, such as light waves or radio waves
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raw material
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an unprocessed natural material or other material used to make something new
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reactant
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a substance that reacts in a chemical reaction
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recessive trait
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a trait that will not appear if it is paired with a dominant trait
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recycle
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to collect and process waste materials so they can be used again
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renewable resource
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a resource that does not get used up(example:water)
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reservoir
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a lske created by a dam
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resistance
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a force that must be overcome to do work
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resonance
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the process in which a vibrating object causes another object to vibrate at the same frequency
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resource
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a material that people need from Earth
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respiration
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the process by which living things take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide to obtain energy
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rhinovirus
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a virus that causes certain types of colds
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ribosome
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a part of cell that makes the proteins the cell needs in order to grow
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root
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the part of plant that holds it in the ground and absorbd water and nutrients from the soil
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saturated fat
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a type of fat that is solid at room temperature
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scan
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to look over something quickly to find details
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scientific methods
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organized ways of solving problems; the process scientists use for getting information and testing ideas
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sedimentary rock
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rock formed when particles are deposited and then harden over time
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sequence
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the order in which things happen
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silicon
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the most common element in Earth's crust
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simple machine
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a device to do work(example:lever)
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skim
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to look over something quickly to get the main ideas
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software
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instructions that tell a computer how perform a task
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solar cell
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a device that converts sunlight into electricity
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solar system
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a sun and the objects that revolve around it, such as planets and their moons
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solid
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a state of matter that has a definite shape and takes up a definite amount of space
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solubility
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the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given temperture and pressure
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solute
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the substance in a solution that is present in the smaller amount
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solution
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a type of mixture in which the ingredients are distributed evenly throughout
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solvent
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the substance in a solution that is present in the greater amount
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sound
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a sensation caused by vibrations and perceived by hearing
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sound waves
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vibrations trasmitted through substances in waves with frequencies that can be heard
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space probe
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unmanned spacecraft used for the exploration of space
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spectrometer
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a device used to analyze what things are made of
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species
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a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
|
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sprain
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a joint injury in which the ligaments are stretched or torn
|
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squamous cell skin cancer
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a type of cancer that looks like raised, pink spots or growths that may be open in the center
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stationary front
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the zone between two air masses, caused when the masses stop moving
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stem
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the part of a plant that provides support and transports subatances
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substance
|
matter that is of one particle type
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summarize
|
to condense or shorten a larger amount of information into a few sentences
|
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table
|
a type of chart that organizes information in rows and columns
|
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timbre
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the quality of a sound, which depends on the number and strength of overtones
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timeline
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an illustration that shows when a series of events took place and the order in which they occurred
|
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topic sentence
|
the sentence that contains the main idea in a paragraph
|
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trait
|
an inherited characteristic such as hair color or blood type
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transistor
|
an electronic device used to amplify, detect, or switch electric current
|
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tropical rain forest
|
dense forest found near the equator where the climate is hot and wet
|
|
ultraviolet light
|
a type of light with wavelengths too short to be visible to the human eye; also known as balck light
|
|
ultraviolet rays
|
a tyupe of harmful enery in sunlight
|
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uterus
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a woman's womb, in which an unborn baby develops
|
|
vaccination
|
an injected dose of dead or weakened disease-causing agent; the body reacts to vaccination by forming antibodies to fight the disease
|
|
virus
|
a tiny particle of genetic material with a protein covering
|
|
water cycle
|
the circulation of water on Earth through evaporation from the surface into the atmosphere and back to the surface as precipitation
|
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wavelength
|
the diatance from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave
|
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weather map
|
a map showing where cold, warm, and stationary fronts are, as well as areas of high and low pressure
|
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wheel and axle
|
a simple machine composed of two objects that turn in a circular motion on the same center, multiplying both force and speed
|
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work
|
the process of using force to cause an object to move
|
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zygote
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a fertilized egg resulting when the sperm from the father joins with the egg produced by the mother
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