Motor System

Front 1

The central gray matter consistst of ______________ and ________________.

Back 1

The central gray matter consists of NEURONAL CELL BODIES and SYNAPSES.

Front 2

Peripheral white matter consists of _______________________.

Back 2

Consists of ascending/descending fiber pathways (motor and sensory).

Front 3

What consists of a muscle unit?

Back 3

A single motor neuron and all of its muscle fibers.

Front 4

What is the largest cells of the spinal cord and "final common pathway" from the central nervous system to the periphery?

Back 4

Alphamotor neuron (innervates many mucle fibers, but each muscle fiber innervated by only 1 alphamotor neuron).

Front 5

What is a spinal reflex and what is its pathway?

Back 5

A stereotyped motor response to stimuli, from periphery--synapes in sc---alphamotor neurons--muscle fibers.

Front 6

The corticospinal (motor) pathway extends from the _____ area of cortex through brain stem and _________ between brainstem and spinal cord.

Back 6

1 - motor area
2 - crosses

Front 7

Where do the fibers synapse, just prior to leaving the cord?

Back 7

In the anterior horn.

Front 8

Describe decorticate posturing.

Back 8

Flexion of wrist and elbow and extension of ankle and knee - due to cereabl injury.

Front 9

Describe decerebrate posturing.

Back 9

Posturing similar to decorticate, but with elbows extended - due to midbrain injury.

Front 10

First order neurons, otherwise known as _________ are neurons that are (above or below?) the synapse in the anterior horn?

Back 10

1 - Upper motor neurons
2 - above the synapse

Front 11

Peripheral motor neurons are called ________________, and are ___________ order neurons.

Back 11

1 - Lower motor neurons
2 - Second

Front 12

Gullian-Barre syndrome involves ___________ and _________ loss due to peripheral nerve involvement.

Back 12

1 - Sensory
2 - Lower Motor Neuron

Front 13

Visible, continuous and rapid twitching of a muscle or part of a muscle, without movement of the limb is called __________.

Back 13

Fasciculation.

Front 14

Rhythmic involuntary back and forth movements that can be as fast as trembling, which usually involves movement of limb or body part:________.

Back 14

Tremor

Front 15

In Parkinson's disease, tremor is present when?

Back 15

At rest.

Front 16

In cerebellar disorders, tremor is present when?

Back 16

Tremor is intentional.

Front 17

_______, which are repetitive twitching of a muscle group, can be ________ or ________ in origin.

Back 17

TICS, which are repetitive twitching of muscle groups, can be EMOTIONAL or NEUROLOGICAL in origin.

Front 18

Which abnormal movement involves obvious, rapid, suddent, involuntary jerky movements that may involve limbs, trunk or face?

Back 18

Chorea

Front 19

Describe athetosis:

Back 19

Slow, writhing, and twisting movements.

Front 20

What is myoclonus?

Back 20

Sudden, fast, unpredictable, and involuntary jerky movements.

Front 21

True or false, upper motor neuron defects present with flaccid paralysis, significant atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, no Babinksi.

Back 21

False. These are signs of Lower Motor Neuron Defects. UMN defects include spastic paralysis, no significant muscle atrophy, no fasciculations, hyperreflexia, Babinksi may be present.

Front 22

Which tract is involved in maintaining posture (righting reflex and whole body orientation)?

Back 22

Ventromedial Tracts

Front 23

Which tracts are involved in distal musculature, initiation and control of voluntary movements?

Back 23

Dorsolateral Tracts

Front 24

What is the term for when mechanisms involving injury to the basal ganglia motor pathways occur outside the cortical "pyramidal" system?

Back 24

Extrapyramidal

Front 25

The basal ganglia consists of the ______________, ___________, and _____________________.

Back 25

The BG consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus (w/associated areas including substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus)

Front 26

The neostriatum or striatum consists of: ____________ & ____________.

Back 26

Striatum - caudate & putamen

Front 27

The lentiform nucleus consists of _____________ & ______________.

Back 27

Lentiform nuclues - putamen & globus pallidus

Front 28

What areas consist of the corpus striatum?

Back 28

Striatum & globus pallidus

Front 29

Involuntary movements =

Back 29

Dyskinesia

Front 30

Slowness in initiating or changing without significant weakness =

Back 30

Bradykinesia

Front 31

What involves abnormal fixation?

Back 31

Equilibrium & righting

Front 32

What are the motor symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease?

Back 32

Rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, loss of postural reflexes.

Front 33

Identify the following: sudden, forceful, and flailing dyskinesias involving the whole lomb (i.e., contra- lateral arm in subthalamic nucleus).

Back 33

Ballism

Front 34

Describe athetosis.

Back 34

Slow, worm-like, writhing movements, usually in the extremities.

Front 35

Where would a typical lesion be to produce athetosis?

Back 35

Lesion in the striatum, usually the putamen.

Front 36

Identify the disorder of the trunk and limb involving writhing movements that cause severe sustained contortion of neck, shoulder girdle, & pelvic girdle.

Back 36

Torsion dystonia

Front 37

Which disease usually includes involuntary movements of limbs that are brisk and graceful and have the appearance of fractions of purposeful movements?

Back 37

Huntington's chorea

Front 38

Lesions in which region cause ataxia, hypotonia, ipsilateral malfunctioning, dysdiadocho- kinesia, and past pointing?

Back 38

Lesions of the cerebellum.

Front 39

What is dysdiodochokinesia?

Back 39

A failure to rapidly alternate movements.

Front 40

What is past pointing?

Back 40

Inability to touch finger to nose or heel to shin.

Front 41

In ____________________, the arm on the affected side is held _____ and immobile against the body, instead of swinging freely.

Back 41

In SPASTIC HEMIPARESIS, the arm on the affected side is held FLEXED and immobile against the body, instead of swinging freely.

Front 42

In spastic hemiparesis, the affected _________ is moved forward stiffly and in a _________ fashion, sometimes with the ___dragging on the floor as the _____ moves foward.

Back 42

In spastic hemiparesis, the affected LEG is moved forward stiffly and in a SEMI-CIRCLE fashion, sometimes with the TOE dragging on the floor as the LEG moves foward.

Front 43

Describe scissors gait.

Back 43

Steps are abnormally short and appear effortful. The knees remain in contact as if the patient was holding something between their thighs while walking.

Front 44

In which disease is scissor gait sometimes seen?

Back 44

Multiple Sclerosis.

Front 45

In ataxia, the patient walks with their feet _______________. They typically have a hard time with balance.

Back 45

In ataxia, the patient walks with their feet WIDE APART. They typically have a hard time with balance.

Front 46

Describe the condition when muscle tone is less than normal and the limb feels limp to the evaluator.

Back 46

Flaccidity

Front 47

What is posture retention?

Back 47

When a limb remains in a position that it was moved to or in which it was before it was moved.

Front 48

Describe rigidity.

Back 48

A limb that is abnormally resistant to movement in all directions.

Front 49

When the limb does actually move, but with jerky, rather than smooth movements it is called ________. This is often seen in __________________.

Back 49

When the limb does actually move, but with jerky, rather than smooth movements it is called COGWHEEL RIGIDITY. This is often seen in PD.

Front 50

__________ occurs in impairment of upper motor neuron, with ________ in muscle tension characterized by certain postural changes involving flexion of finger, hand, arm, legs.

Back 50

SPASTICITY occurs in impairment of upper motor neuron, with INCREASE in muscle tension characterized by certain postural changes involving flexion of finger, hand, arm, legs.