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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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postural contral |
maintenance of body alignment a spatial orientation in order to put the body in a position to enable effective movement. |
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what are the outcomes of postural control |
stability and biomechanical alignment -necessary for motor skill execution as well as maintaining integrity of the musculoskeletal structures |
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Muscle tone |
force with which the muscle resists lengthening (that is its stiffness) -high tone = stiff and resistance to stretch |
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what does muscle tone do? |
- maintain base level of postural control - regulate the storage and release of elastic energy - regulate for dampering |
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what two factors is muscle tone dependent on? |
1. viscoelasticity of muscle and tendon elastic elements 2. level of neural activation of contractile elements - no right or wrong amount of tone other than the amount that supports effective movement |
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decreased muscle stiffness could be due to what factors? |
- gender hormones (estrogen and progesterone in women) - aging - increase temperature - muscle damage from exercise |
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good postural control allows what? |
maintanence of a stable position even during a disrupting external force |
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primary outcome of alignment or orientation is what? |
stability -a position that is resistant to disturbance or returns to it's normal state after disruption - three component interdependent system - whole-body stability - segmental stability - joint stability |
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static balance |
the ability to maintain center of mass within the base of support during static or relatively steady body positions. |
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Dynamic balance |
ability to maintain the body in equilibrium during body movement, such as walking or slippery surface |
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segmental stability |
anchoring and stabilizing of body parts to provide a firm foundation upon which other body parts can move (neutralizer, stabilizer and fixator muscles) |
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Goal of postural control |
1. provide stability 2. minimize muscle activity |
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Systems involved with postural control |
1. Musculomechanical 2. CNS 3. Sensory systems 4. Neuromuscular systems |
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Musculomechanical System |
-trunk and posture muscles -biomechanics |
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What do the systems of postural contral contribute to? |
three levels of postural control 1. reflexive 2. autonomic 3. voluntary |
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CNS component of postural control |
-anticipatory mechanisms -voluntary control -psychoemotional |
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Sensory systems component of postural control |
-vestibular -auditory -visual -somatosensory |
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neuromuscular systems component of postural control |
-synergies -coordinative structures |
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true or false each of the three levels of postural control are simultaneously active, but do not work to the same extent under all conditions? |
true
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What is reflexive postural control? |
-primarily function of sensory systems |
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What is autonomic postural control |
combination of innate and learned behaviors that provided subconscious postural corrections that are fast and task specific |
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voluntary postural control |
involves those postural adjustments made with conscious awareness. |
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how does the body acting when standing |
inverted pendulum, swaying slightly |
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where do postural mechanisms generally begin when trying to maintain balance? |
at the point in contact with the support surface (foot/ankle) |
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Where else could reflex actions take place? |
1. Ankle - ankle strategy 2. hip strategy 3. stepping strategy -step to prevent fall 4. suspensory strategy -falling is unavoidable, adopts crouching position to minimize fall consequences |
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Proactive postural control |
2 forms - based on upcoming and expected environmental circumstances or bodily actions (based on visual inputs and previous knowledge) -anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) = accompany almost all planned movements and are designed to stabilize joints, whole body prior to movement -fundamental any motor skill |
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how does attention and cognitive involvements effect postural control |
increased uncertainty/complexity (no vision, unstable surface) may cause individual to override automatic process and take voluntary control over postural mechanism, actually hindering performance , increasing sway |
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postural faults |
large deviations from ideal posture, resulting from muscle embalances, structural defects or genetic causes, habitual misuse (emotional guarding) |
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dynamic posture |
alignment or positioning during activities and is much more difficult to assess and interpret |
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stability and balance tests |
-vary |
