Motor Iii: Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

What is the control center for the autonomic nervous system?

Back 1

hypothalamus and brainstem

Front 2

One of the main functions of the autonomic system is to:

Back 2

coordinate regulation of internal environment

Front 3

Is the autonomic system primarily voluntary or involuntary?

Back 3

involuntary system

Front 4

________ mediates reflexes with afferent sensory limb and both _______ and ________ effectors

Back 4

Autonomic NS
autonomic
somatic

Front 5

Is the autonomic nervous system composed of disynatpic/monosynatpic pathways?

Back 5

Disynaptic pathways to target
-the somatic motor control system is a monosynaptic pathway

Front 6

How is information relayed through the disynpptic pathway in the ANS?

Back 6

1. CNS preganglionic neuron to peripheral postganglionic neuron
2. Postganglionic neuron to smooth muscle or gland

Front 7

Is the pre-ganglionic neuron in from the CNS to the ANS myelinated?

Back 7

YES the pre-ganglionic neuron axon is

Front 8

Is the post-ganglionic neuron in the ANS myelinated or un-myelinated?

Back 8

Post-ganglionic is un-myelinated axon to smooth muscle or gland

Front 9

What organ is an exception to the disynaptic pathway of the ANS?

Back 9

adrenal medulla
it receives direct projection from pre-ganglionic neurons

Front 10

Name the three divisions of the ANS

Back 10

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

Front 11

Describe the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions in relation to one another.

Back 11

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic have opposing influence and are selectively activated to regulate visceral functions

Front 12

True or False
The enteric division of the ANS can function on its own, independent of the CNS

Back 12

True
sensory, motor, and interneurons in the wall of the GI tract
-controls peristalsis anad GI secretions

Front 13

Describe sympathetic tone

Back 13

Normal tonic level of activity

Front 14

Sympathetic Division mediates the global response to fear and prepares the body for _______ _ ______

Back 14

fight or flight

Front 15

What would some of the effects be if the sympathetic division was activated?

Back 15

1. increases cardiac output, pulmonary ventilation, blood to muscles and blood glucose levels
2. slows digestion and kidney filtration

Front 16

Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system originate?

Back 16

in the brainstem or the spinal cord -intermediolateral cell column
-Lamina VII T1-L2

Front 17

Where are the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system located?

Back 17

outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia
-sympathetic trunk
-pre-vertebral ganglia

Front 18

What type of NT does the pre-ganglionic neuron utilize in the sympathetic system?

Back 18

ACh acting on nicotinic receptors

Front 19

Which neurons in the sympathetic system would you expect to find utilizing norepinephrine in the sympathetic system?

Back 19

Post-ganglionic neurons

Front 20

The innervation ratio of the sympathetic system is:

Back 20

very diffuse
-pre to post ganglionic 1:20

Front 21

What system would you expect to find paravertebral ganglia present in?

Back 21

sympathetic nervous system

Front 22

Where are the paravertebral ganglia located?

Back 22

These are the sympathetic chain ganglia (sympathetic trunk)
-trunk extends from cervical to sacral levels

Front 23

What ganglion provides sympathetic innervation for the head?

Back 23

superior cervical ganglion

Front 24

What are the other ganglia of the sympathetic trunk involved in controlling?

Back 24

heart rate, piloerection, sweat glands, and vascular constriction

Front 25

the _______ _________ traverse the sympathetic trunk and exit as splanchnic nerves

Back 25

pre-vertebral ganglia

Front 26

Where do the pre-vertebral ganglia synapse?

Back 26

Celiac ganglia
Superior mesenteric ganglia
Inferior mesenteric ganglia
in the celiac plexus

Front 27

What part of the autonomic system is the adrenal medulla functionally considered part of?

Back 27

Adrenal medulla is functionally part of he sympathetic nervous system

Front 28

Why is the adrenal medulla functionally considered part of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 28

1. receives direct innervation from pre-ganglionic fibers in the greater splanchnic nerve
2. equivalent to modified autonomic ganglion + post-synaptic nerve
3. release of adrenaline into blood ensures global response to sympathetic stimulation

Front 29

How many pairs of ganglia are present in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 29

21-22 pairs

Front 30

Celiac ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic _______.

Back 30

foregut

Front 31

Superior mesenteric ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic _________

Back 31

midgut

Front 32

Inferior mesenteric ganglia innervates structures derived from embryonic ___________

Back 32

hindgut

Front 33

What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

Back 33

normal maintenance: conservation and restoration of energy
-activities initiated in response to sensory afferents (mechanoreceptors/chemoreceptors in heart, lung, and intestinal tract)

Front 34

_____ ________ reduces heart ratel and blood pressure, increases blood flow to skin and viscera, as well as facilitates digestion and absorption of nutrients and excretion of waste.

Back 34

Parasympathetic division

Front 35

What type of neuron are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Back 35

GVE

Front 36

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

Back 36

cranial nerve nuclei & lamina VII of S2-S4

Front 37

What type of NT does pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division utilize?

Back 37

ACh acting on nicotinic receptors

Front 38

Is the innervation of the parasympathetic division diffuse or localized?

Back 38

localized for specific control
-ratio of pre to post ganglionic 1:2

Front 39

Name the cranial visceral motor nuclei (GVE)

Back 39

1. Edinger-Westphal nucleus, cranial nerve III, ciliary ganglion
2. Superior salivatory nucleus, CN VII, pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglia
3. Inferior salivatory nuclei, CN IX, otic ganglion
4. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and nucleus ambiguus, CN X, terminal ganglia

Front 40

What nucleus is CN III

Back 40

Edinger Westphal nucleus

Front 41

What ganglion is CN III

Back 41

ciliary ganglion

Front 42

What parasympathetic response comes from the ciliary ganglion?

Back 42

pupillary constrictor & ciliary muscles

Front 43

What parasympathetic nucleus is CN VII

Back 43

Superior salivatory nucleus

Front 44

What parasympathetic ganglion is CN VII?

Back 44

pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglion

Front 45

What parasympathetic response is induced from activation of the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion?

Back 45

lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands secretions

Front 46

What parasympathetic nuclei is CN IX present in?

Back 46

inferior salivatory nuclei

Front 47

What parasympathetic ganglion is CN IX responsible for activating?

Back 47

Otic ganglion

Front 48

What gland does the otic ganglion act on?

Back 48

parotid gland

Front 49

What nucleus is responsible for parasympathetic actions of cranial nerve X?

Back 49

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and nucleus ambiguus

Front 50

What ganglion receives parasympathetic innervation from CN X?

Back 50

terminal ganglion

Front 51

What organs are acted on by the terminal ganglion for parasympathetic response?

Back 51

heart, lungs, digestive tract

Front 52

Name the parasympathetic ganglia?

Back 52

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion
Terminal ganglion

Front 53

What parasympathetic nuclei control bladder, bowel, and sexual organs?

Back 53

Sacral parasympathetic nuclei (S2-S4)

Front 54

What is the normal pattern of activation for the parasympathetic division?

Back 54

discrete regulation of visceral organs

Front 55

What type of post-ganglionic neuron is present in the periphery in the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic?

Back 55

Sympathetic: paravertebral & prevertebral ganglia
Parasympathetic: terminal ganglia near or within target tissue

Front 56

Describe post-ganglionic axon of the parasympathetic division?

Back 56

short cholinergic
ACh
nicotinic

Front 57

Descrive the post-ganglionic axon of the sympathetic division.

Back 57

Long adernergic
norepinephrine

Front 58

Where are the pre-ganglionic located in the CNS sympathetic vs. parasympathetic?

Back 58

sympathetic: intermediolateral cell column T1-L2
parasympathetic: brainstem and intermediate zone of S2-S4

Front 59

What type of information is received by the hypothalamus?

Back 59

diverse afferent information
-cortical, emotions, drives
-visceral sensory from nucleus of solitary tract
-reticular formation: skin temperature in spinoreticular pathway
-some hypothalamic neurons directly sesnse temperature, osmolarity, and substances in the blood

Front 60

What is the major center for coordinating sympathetic and parasympathetic activity via descending projections to brain stem and spinal cord?

Back 60

hypothalamus

Front 61

What hypothalamic nuclei do descending autonomic fibers primarily originate in?

Back 61

paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei

Front 62

Where do hypothalamic axons descend?

Back 62

in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
in both dorsolateral brainstem and medially in periaqueductal gray matter

Front 63

Where do the hypothalamic tracts project to in the body?

Back 63

1. brainstem parasympathetic nuclei
2. sympathetic neurons of intermediolateral cell column
3. parasympathetic neurson in S2-S4

Front 64

What syndrome can result from damage to the hypothalamospinal pathway?

Back 64

Horner's Syndrome

Front 65

Describe Horner's syndrome

Back 65

1. disruption of sympathetics to eye
-Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
-Miosis (decreased pupil size)
2. Disruption of sympathetic innervation to head and neck results in anhidrosis
3. Causes: spinal trauma, lateral brainstem infarct, sympathetic chain tumor/trauma, carotid dissection

Front 66

What system is located primarily from the central nucleus of the amygdala?

Back 66

Limbic System

Front 67

What system mediates effects of emotional state on autonomic function, alters heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, and is relayed through the hypothalamus or reticular nuclei of the brainstem?

Back 67

Limbic system

Front 68

What formations contain "life suport" control centers for cardiac function and respiration?

Back 68

pontine and medullary reticular formations

Front 69

What information is regulated in the pontine and medullary reticular formations?

Back 69

receives somatic and visceral sensory input as well as descending information from limbic system, hypothalamus

Front 70

________ and _________ _________ formation projects to the intermediolateral cell column, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and nucleus ambiguus

Back 70

pontine and medullary reticular formations

Front 71

the pontine and medullary reticular formations coordinate what?

Back 71

reflexes involving both somatic and autonomic components

Front 72

what provides feedback for reflex control of circulation, respiration, digestion, micturtion?

Back 72

visceral afferents of parasympathetic division

Front 73

What is the major visceral sensory nucleus of the parasympathetic division?

Back 73

caudal nucleus of solitary tract
-relays viscerosensory information to hypothalamus

Front 74

What cranial nerves relay information from viscera into the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 74

CN IX, I and sacral nerves

Front 75

what mediates senstations such as heartburn, nausea, and hunger?

Back 75

visceral afferents mediate poorly localized conscious sensations

Front 76

What are visceral pain afferents primarily associated with?

Back 76

sympathetic nervous system in cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

Front 77

What is the primary relay tract for visceral pain afferents?

Back 77

primarily relayed via spinoreticular and spinothalamic pathways

Front 78

Where are visceral pain afferents projected to in the cortex?

Back 78

insula

Front 79

True or False
Severe pain may be referred to somatic structures innervated by the same segments of the spinal cord

Back 79

True
Examples: angina pectoris, gallbladder, smal intestine, diaphragms, etc.

Front 80

Where is the sympathetic inneration of the bladder, bowel, and sexual functions coming from?

Back 80

pre-ganglionic neurons in intermediolateral cell column (T11-L1)
post-ganglionic neurons in sympathetic chain ganglia innervate smooth muscle

Front 81

The parasympathetic control of bladder, bowel, and sexual function is present in what pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic structures?

Back 81

pre-ganglionic S2-S4
post-ganglionic neurons close to viscera innervate smooth muscle and glands

Front 82

the somatic motor control of the pelvic striated muscles is received from where?

Back 82

upper motor neuron control from frontal cortex for pelvic striated muscle
-relay nucleus in pons
-Onuf's nucleus (S2-S4) in lateral ventral horn innervates external urethral and anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles
-pelvic floor muscles innervated by medial motor neurons S2-S4

Front 83

How does the visceral sensory information get to the brainstem with respect to bladder, bowel, and sexual function?

Back 83

visceral sensory information ascend in dorsal and lateral funiculi to the brainstem nuclei

Front 84

True or False
bladder function is normally under voluntary control

Back 84

TRUE
-wouldn't just want to start peeing in the middle of class

Front 85

What is the default state of activation for the bladder?

Back 85

sympathetic activation which inhibits urination via contraction of smooth muscle in bladder neck and relaxation of detrusor

Front 86

How is bladder fullness detected?

Back 86

Bladder fullness is detected by sensory afferents from mechanoreceptors in bladder wal

Front 87

What initiates the detrusor reflex (voiding)?

Back 87

descending signal from medial frontal micturtion center initiates detrusor reflex

Front 88

What type of lesion is described by the following signs:
1. loss of sympathetic control, flaccid paralysis of bladder, and bladder distention: urinary retention and overflow incontinence
-development of hyperreflexia in the bladder and body; bladder voids at low volumes and has spasms
-is ascending urinary visceral fibers in posterior column are intact the patient will have recurring sense of urinary urgency

Back 88

Upper motor neuron lesion resulting in loss of bladder control
-caused by injury to lower brainstem or spinal cord
-this could be caused by acute spinal injury or spinal shock

Front 89

describe the symptoms of a lower motor lesion resulting in loss of bladder control

Back 89

1. injury to sacral spinal cord or sacral nerves
2. flaccid, areflexic bladder similar to flaccid paralysis of muscles in extremities
3. overflow incontinence

Front 90

Smooth muscle sphincter for bowel function is controlled by ______ ________

Back 90

sacral parasympathetics

Front 91

What nucleus projects parasympathetics to the striated muscle sphincter for bowel function?

Back 91

Onuf's nucleus

Front 92

the sensory input for bowel function comes from _____

Back 92

S2 to S4

Front 93

Gastrointestinal motility is regulated by ______ and ________ parasympathetics for bowel function

Back 93

vagal and sacral

Front 94

Is sexual function mediated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Back 94

YES
Parasympathetic innervation S2-S4
Sympathetics innervation T11-L2

Front 95

How does parasympathetic innervation affect sexual function?

Back 95

1. engorgement via dilation of penile/clitoral arteries and relaxation of venous smooth muscle via release of NO
2. Excitation of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate/vaginal glands

Front 96

_______ effect on the vascular component for sexual function is constriction

Back 96

sympathetics

Front 97

What mediates ejaculation?

Back 97

sympathetic activation of smooth muscles mediates ejaculation

Front 98

What type of contractions of involved in ejaculation and orgasm?

Back 98

Reflex contraction of striated pelvic floor muscles in ejaculation and orgasm