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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pallesthesia
Vibration Sense
Pallanesthesia
Lack of vibration sense
2 kinds of errors that can occur with program theory
Selection Error
Execution Error
Motor learning & control is broken down in to 3 parts...
Precision of movement
Defining the beginning & end points
Stability of the environment
Precision of movement
Gross motor (developmental sequence activities/medial activation tracts)

Fine Motor (ADL, dressing//Lateral activation tracts)
Defining the Beginning & end points
Discrete (wall switch, easy button)

Serial (several discrete skills...playing piano or hammering a nail)

Continuous arbitrary beginning & end (gait, swimming)
Stability of the environment
Closed Skills: stable environment, self-paced -- unrealistic

Open Skills: changing & unpredictable
Basic Motor Learning Principles
Individual Differences
Motivation
Arousal/Attention
Types of Feedback
Conditions of practice
Individual Differences
Genetic
Experience
Motivation
Task MUST be meaningful to the pt

Internal Locus of Control: if you really want to do it, you will

Augmented External: 'great job lu!' -- broken down by anxiety & fatigue
AROUSAL/Attention
There is an optimum level for performance...

Inverted U Hypothesis: Yerkes-Dodson's - increased performance associated w increased stress until a certain point...too little or too much stress = poor performance

Easterbrook's Cue Utilization Hypothesis - performance is dependent on cues...when arousal is low pt doesnt get good cuing (eliminate boring tasks)...when arousal is too high also poor cuing & decreased performance (decrease excessive instruction)

Perceptual Narrowing - too much distraction or cuing = narrowed focus of attn ... you cant pay attention w so much distraction

Hypervigilance - panic! you can make a decision b/c too many options are presented @ one time

Vigilance Decrement - loss of alertness over time = loss of individual's state of readiness

Dichotic Listening - selective listening...when infor processing picks up on relevant info they tune into what is being said (clinical relevance: pts look around PT department @ other pts/things)

Stroop Phenomenon - when 2 or more
Arousal/ATTENTION - most important aspects...
Alertness & preparation of the movement control system to produce response
If RT is long then it is assumed that...
it requires more preparation...b/c it is assumed that being preparation takes time...
increased RT also = increased Complexity of movement
Foreperiod is time between warning signal & go...what is the optimal time...why?
2-4 seconds

yields faster/more accurate RTs
foreperiod used in sports/dance
temporal anticipation
Spatial (event) Anticipation
pre-knowledge of stimulus & type of response shortens RT (in tennis if you know where your partner likes to hit the ball then you can be there!)

if anticipation correct = decreased RT

if anticipation wrong = RT greatly increased
Pusher Syndrome (when you always push/go to the affected side)
if pt watches tape of themselves doing daily activities then they will be able to see that they are putting more stress on affected side
Effector anticipation
prediction w respect to the nature & degree of muscular contraction

effectively recruit muscles to lift a box
Receptor Anticipation
prediction of the nature & degree of muscular contraction & component requirements so that some critical aspect of the movement occurs @ the proper time

tracking target which has explicit course (catching ball)
Perceptual Anticipation
synchronization of the movement of performer & target - infer tracking of object thru previous experience

hitting ball, stopping @ red light
Fitt's Law
MT for 2 objects is the same if the distance & size are increased proportionately
things associated w improvements in performance
exposure
experience
practice
Feedforward
anticipatory pre-set -- called SPINAL TUNING

sensitizes the system for what is about to come
Efference Copy
advanced feedforward

information (copy of motor command) is sent to sensory locations in brain that readies the sensory area for receiving feedback from the periphery
Response-Chaining
stimulus produces a motor response

motor response = feedback for next stimulus to produce the next motor response

feedback is not for error detection here! it is a stimulus for the next motor response

the afferent system lets the rest of the chain know when to respond...like running up the stairs
Important Variables In Motor Control/Learning
Practice
Feedback
KR
Knowledge of Results

you ran that in 3:25:22

extend to which some external goal was achieved (you had 120 deg of hip flexion, next time fo 130 deg

its not effective for learning -- its effective for temporary performance...if you did 18" & i wanted 16" you are not really learning what the difference would be
KP
Knowledge of Performance

"good job Lu!"

quality of efficiency of movement (take bigger step next time)

videotape replays - effective if cued by 'expert' to novice
Types of Feedback
intrinsic - sensory receptors & systems involved in movement (vestibular, somatosensory, vision)

Extrinsic - "augmented Feedback" - information that is supplmented to intrinsic feedback (KP & KR
timing of feedback
concurrent - happens during event

terminal - happens after event
Intrinsic Concurrent Feedback Example
sensing force while swinging a tennis racket
Intrinsic Terminal Feedback Example
force when coming into contact w the ball after swinging tennis racket
Extrinsic Concurrent Feedback Example
pacing lights on an indoor track or a metronome for when to step
Extrinsic Terminal Feedback Example
KP - PT critique
KR - score distance
what type of feedback provides benefit more from slower training activities & is it open/closed loop?
concurrent

closed loop
what type of feedback provides morebenefit from faster training activities & is it open/closed loop?
terminal

open loop
TEST QUESTION

learning PWB requires _________ feedback
concurrent - b/c terminal feedback might be too late & then we have an injury :/
summed feedback
feedback given after a set # of trials

given every other or every 3
faded feedback
given every trial then less & less
bandwidth feedback
given only when results are outside range/criteria
varied feedback
summed
faded
bandwidth

slows acquisition of skill but results in improved learning
acquisition vs learning/retention
steps required to tie a shoe lace vs
being able to do it 5 days later
Conditions of Practice

Motivation: goal setting
relative & realistic -high

not too high -> discourage

'do your best' is not a good goal
understanding criteria of task
instruction, modeling, demo, verbal pre-training

always discuss sensations of what the learner will/should feel - ex: WB shift out of base of support

describe mechanical components & give hints to avoid possible incorrect responses- ex: learn foreward, lean back, pressure on feet, avoid...)
Practice, Practice, Practice...

what 2 things are important?
KR & KP

w/out learning deteriorates or doesnt occur at all
types of practice
massed vs distributed
constant vs variable
sequenced
transfer training
distributed practice
rest time = to or more than practice time

preferred for low endurance, short attn pts
good for pts w low motivation
varied vs constant practice
blocked (constant) - shooting goals @ free throw line only
transfer to mat only
best for acquisition of concept

Random (varied) - shooting @ 10, 20, 40 can generalize so you can shoot @30
transfer to bed, toilet,tub, car
variable practice increases generalizing the ability to novel tasks
sequence or practice order
blocked order - all trials or given task done before moving onto next: 111,222,333 -- best for immediate performance advantage or acquisition

serial order: 123,123,123

random order: practice of barious skills are randomized - 1321231231 -- most effective & best for learning/retention...b/c the level of processing is higher for random = more meaningful to learning...you need to generate a motor solution every time, this generation of solution is critical for learning
Massed practice
rest time less than practice time

can lead to fatigue

good for higher level pts
it is best to practice in...
the same conditions of eventual 'test' condition
part-to-whole vs whole practice
part-to-whole: you practice components of task
good for more complex tasks & serial tasks

whole: practice entire task
good for simple tasks, continuous tasks & coordinated tasks...ex: gait
transfer of learning
gain or loss of performance as a result of practice
TEST QUESTION

bilateral training
start w unaffected extremity then move to affected extremity
Mental Practice
almost as effective as physical practice

distributed mental practice more effective than massed

good for learning cognitive elements of task

Good for pts that fatigue or have anxiety
Guidance
verbally talking thru task...

positive effects on performance during trials

unguided has stronger effects on retention/learning

guidance may be important in early practice stages when task is unfamiliar

eliminate guidance ASAP so that it is not a crutch