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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Humoral Response
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Hypothalamic neurons respond to sensory signals by stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones to the bloodstream
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Visceromotor Response
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Neurons in the hypothalamus respond to sensory signals by adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS
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Somatic Motor Response
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Hypothalamic neurons (particularly within the lateral hypothalamus) respond to sensory signals by inciting an appropriate somatic response.
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Motivated behaviors
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Generated by the somatic motor system and they are incited to occur by the activity of the lateral hypothalamus.
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Anabolism
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AKA Anabolic metabolism.
The assembly of macromolecules such as glycogen and triglycerides from simple precursors |
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Prandial state
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Immediately during/after meal when nutrients are replenished and blood is filled with them
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Catabolism
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AKA Catabolic metabolism.
Process of breaking down complex molecules (opposite of anabolism). |
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Lipostatic hypothesis
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The brain monitors the amount of body fat and acts to defend this energy store against perturbations. First proposed in 1953 by Kennedy
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ob/ob mice
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Experiment by Douglas Coleman using mice to demonstrate that the mice could fool their brains into thinking their fat reserves were low and would store more
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Leptin
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The protein encoded by the ob gene. Treating ob/ob mice with leptin reverses obesity. Released by adipocytes, regulates body mass
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Lateral hypothalamic syndrome
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Anorexia caused by damage to the lateral hypothalamus.
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Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome
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Overeating and obesity caused by lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus
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Arcuate nucleus
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Location of leptin receptors on the base of the 3rd ventricle. Leptin released into bloodstream by adipocytes, activate these receptors.
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Paraventricular nucleus
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When neurons here are activated, a humoral response is triggered which causes the release of hypophysiotropic hormones that regulate secretioin of TSH and ACTH from the anterior pituitary
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Anorectic peptides
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Peptides that diminish appetite (injection of alphaMSH and CART neurons mimics response to elevated leptin levels)
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Orexigenic peptides
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Stimulate feeding behavior
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Lateral hypothalamic area
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Lateral hypothalamus is critical in feeding behavior but has no well-defined nuclei.
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Rise in leptin
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increases alphaMSH and CART in arcuate nucleus neurons. These anorectic peptides act on the brain to inhibit feeding behavior and increase metabolism
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Fall in leptin
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increases NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus and MCH in the lateral hypothalamic area. These orexigenic peptides stimulate feeding behavior and decrease metabolism
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OVLT
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Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. Lacks blood brain barrier. Where hypertonicity is sensed. Located in telencephalon.
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Cephalic phase
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Initial biological responses (e.g. secretion of saliva in mouth and digestive juices in stomach)
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Gastric phase
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Responses of cephalic phase grow much more intense when chewing/swallowing begins
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Substrate phase
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Nutrients begin to be absorbed into bloodstream
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Ghrelin
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A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach and released into bloodstream when stomach is empty.
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Gastric distension
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Satiety signal. Vagus nerve sense information about stomach to brain. Vagal sensory neurons.
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CCK
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Cholecystokinin inhibits meal frequency and size. Present in some cells that line intestines and in some of the neurons of the enteric nervous system. Released in response to stimulation of intestines.
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Insulin
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Released by Beta cells of the pancreas. Transports glucose
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Electrical self-stimulation
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Rat with electrode into brain wandered about box and stepped on lever by accdent. Before long it was pressing the lever repeatedly, stimulating self.
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Volumetric thirst
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Thirst triggered by loss of volume e.g. blood loss
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Osmometric thirst
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Drink when dehydrated
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