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341 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the fundamental organizing principle of biology and the motherfussin theme of this book?
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evolution, beeeeyotch
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what are the central activities of biology for pimps and hoes?
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posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers
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what are the properties and processes of life, skank?
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order, regulation, energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, growth and development, REPRODUCTION!
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what are the seven deathly themes of biology?
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1. evolution, the overarching theme of biology.
2. new properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy. 3. organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. 4. structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. 5. cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function. 6. the continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA. 7. feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. GOT THAT?? |
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emergent properties
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new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
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reductionism
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the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
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okay lil girl . . . hit me with the ten levels of biological organization. biggie to smalls
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the biosphere
ecosystems communities populations organisms organs and organ systems tissues cells organelles molecules |
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ecosystems
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consist of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light. ex: forests, grasslands, deserts, coral reefs . . .
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communities
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the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
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population
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all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area
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tissue
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an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both
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life's fundamental unit of structure and function?
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the cell (obvi)
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how long across is a leaf tissue cell? (no, i'm not kidding)
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~25 micrometers
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systems biology
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an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
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successful models enable biologists to . . .
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predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components and the whole system
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how do tree roots help form soil?
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they break up rocks
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what two major processes does the operation of any ecosystem involve?
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1. the cycling of nutrients
2. the one-way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers |
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in every energy conversion . . .
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some of the energy is converted to thermal energy, which dissipates to the surroundings as heat
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what is the basis for all reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms?
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the division of cells
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what are two universal characteristics of cells?
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1. enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings
2. uses DNA as its genetic information |
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what two groups of microorganisms are prokaryotic?
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bacteria and archaea
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what does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic racheljustgotlikealittled acid
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what does every chromosome consist of?
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one very long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes arranged along its length
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genes program the cell's production of . . .
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proteins
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intermediary between DNA and proteins?
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RNA
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true or false: a particular sequence of nucleotides says the same thing to one organism as it does to another.
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as true as my love for excedrin
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genome
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the entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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not all RNA in the cell is translated into protein. some types of RNA molecules are actually . . .
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components of the cellular machinery that manufactures proteins
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within the genomic library of nucleotide sequences are genes for . . .
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about 75,000 kinds of proteins and an unknown number of RNA molecules
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"high-throughput" technology
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tools that can analyze biological materials very rapidly and produce enormous amounts of data
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bioinformatics
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the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods
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what three key motherfussin research developments have brought systems biology within reach?
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1. "high-throughput" technology
2. bioinformatics 3. the formation of interdisciplinary research teams |
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each type of enzyme . . .
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catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
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negative feedback
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accumulation of an end product of a process slows down that process
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give me a stellar example of negative feedback
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the cell's breakdown of sugar generates chemical energy in the form of ATP. when a cell makes more ATP than it can use, the excess ATP "feeds back" and inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway
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what's more common: negative or positive feedback?
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negative. ain't life a bitch?
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positive feedback
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an end product speeds up its production
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give me an above-average example of positive feedback
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the clotting of blood. when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin to aggregate at the site release chemicals that attract more platelets
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dobzhansky quote
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"nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"
-theodosius "your love is my drug" dobzhansky. one of the founders of modern evolutionary theory |
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how many species have biologists so far identified and named?
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~1.8 milli. 6,300 prokaryotes, 100,000 fungi, 290,000 plants, 52,000 vertebrates, 1 milli insects (yikes)
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estimates of the total number of species range from
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about 10 milli to over 100 milli
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linnaean system
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kinky people come out for group sex!! (or kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)
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what are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes?
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bacteria
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taxonomy
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the branch of biology that names and classifies species
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how many old skool kingdoms were there?
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five: plants, animals, fungi, single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and prokaryotes
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what are the three current domains?
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bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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tell me about those BAMFs archaea
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well, many live in X-TREME environments. also, they are all prokaryotes
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what kingdoms are in eukarya?
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protists (multiple kingdoms), fungi, plantae, animalia
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protist
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an informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular
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fungi
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the eukaryotic kingdom that includes organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material
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plantae
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the kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis
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animalia
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the kingdom that consists of muticellular eukaryotes that ingest their food
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give me a kickass example of multicellular protists
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seaweeds
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kickass example of unity of cell structure?
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cilia on paramecium and on human windpipe cells
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when was darwin's bestselling book published and what was it called?
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november 1859. on the origin of species by means of natural selection
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ideal way to go about hypothesis-based science?
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to frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to falsify those candidate explanations
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no amount of experimental testing can . . .
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prove a hypothesis beyond a shadow of a doubt
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a hypothesis gains credibility by . . .
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surviving attempts to falsify it while testing eliminates alternative hypotheses
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tell me about henry "love the way you lie" bates's hypothesis
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1862. nonpoisonous snakes are sneaky little bastards who pretend to be poisonous snakes by stealing their coloring. called the mimicry hypothesis
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tell me about henry "love the way you lie" bates's hypothesis
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1862. nonpoisonous snakes are sneaky little bastards who pretend to be poisonous snakes by stealing their coloring
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talk to me about the snaky field experiments
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well, david "bitches ain't shit but hoes and tricks" and karin "you make me feel like a virgin" pfennig and william "finally doin me and it feels so right" harcombe made a bunch of fake kingsnakes (which are nonpoisonous) and fake brown control snakes and distributed them in the carolinas (where else?). they found that predators didn't try to eat the faky snakies that were placed in doppleganger poisonous coral snake territory, but they tried to eat the other ones
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what was the aLtErNaTiVe hypothesis in the snaky experiment?
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predators generally avoid all snakes w/ brightly colored rings (FALSIFIED)
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controlled experiment
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one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
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ideally, the experimental group and control groups . . .
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differ only in the one factor the experiment is designed to test
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observations and experimental results must be...
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repeatable
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three characteristics of a theory?
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1. broader in scope than a hypothesis
2. general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested 3. generally supported by a greater body of evidence than any one hypothesis |
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tell me about peter "hold me closer, tiny dancer" and rosemary "want you to make me feel like i'm the only girl in the world" grant
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motivated by the theory of natty seslection to test the specific hypothesis that the beaks of galapagos finches evolve in response to changes in the types of available food (totally true, btdubs)
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what is the test of a model's success?
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how well it fits the available data, how comfortably it accommodates new observations, how accurately it predicts the outcomes of new experiments or observations, and how effectively it communicates
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the goal of science is to
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understand natural phenomena
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technology generally . . .
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applies scienctific knowledge for some specific purpose
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what kind of reasoning is used in discovery science?
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inductive
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what kind of reasoning is used in hypothesis-based science?
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deductive
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devil's gardens are?
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patches of the amazon rain forest that are completely dominated b a willowy flowering tree called duroia hirsuta
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why do the devil's gardens exist
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well, as deborah "my body is a wonderland" gordon found, very special ants that live in the hollow stems of the duroia trees prevent other plant species from growing by injecting intruders with a poisonous chemical (formic acid)
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formic acid comes from the latin word for
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ant, formica
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in most cases, formic acid probably serves as a
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disinfectant that protects the ants against microbial parasites
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chemicals play an important role in insect
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communication, attraction of mates, and defense against predators
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
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how many elements occurring in nature do scientists recognize?
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92
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Na comes from the latin word
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natrium
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pure sodium is a
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metal
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pure chlorine is a
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poisonous gas
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how many of the elements are known to be essential to life?
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about 25
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what makes up 96% of living matter?
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C,H,N,O
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what makes up most of the remaining 4% of an organism's weight
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P, S, Ca, K, and a few other elements
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what are the trace elements?
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boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum (Mo), selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium (V), zinc
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trace elements
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those required by an organism in only minute quantities. make up less than 0.01% of human body weight
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what percent of human body weight is made up by O?
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65
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what percent of human body weight is made up by C?
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18.5
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what percent of human body weight is made up by H?
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9.5
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what percent of human body weight is made up by N?
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3.3
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what percent of human body weight is made up by Ca?
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1.5
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what percent of human body weight is made up by P?
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1.0
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what percent of human body weight is made up by K?
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0.4
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what percent of human body weight is made up by S?
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0.3
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what percent of human body weight is made up by Na?
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0.2
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what percent of human body weight is made up by Cl
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0.2
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what percent of human body weight is made up by Mg?
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0.1
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iron is needed . . .
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by all forms of life
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iodine is needed by
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vertebrates
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an iodine deficiency causes
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the thyroid gland to grow to abnormal size, a condition called goiter.
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a nitrogen deficiency causes
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plants to be shorter
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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the neutron and proton each have a mass of about
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1.7e-24 g
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dalton
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a unit of measurement used for atoms, subatomic particles, and molecules. same as amu. neutrons and protons have masses close to 1 dalton; electrons have a mass of only about 1/2000 dalton and can be ignored when computing total mass. named for john "ooh, baby, BABY" dalton
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atomic number
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number of protons; written as a subscript to the left of the symbol
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mass number
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sum of protons plus neutrons. written as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol
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isotopes behave...
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identically in chemical reactions
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stable isotopes
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nuclei do not have a tendency to lose particles
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radioactive isotope
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one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
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four uses of radioactive isotopes
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1. dating fossils
2. tracers to follow atoms through metabolisms 3. diagnostic tools, like for certain kidney disorders 4. radioactive tracers used in combination with sophisticated imaging instruments |
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PET scan
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positron-emission tomography. detects locations of intense chemical activity in the body. patient is injected with a nutrient such as glucose labeled with a radioactive isotope that emits subatomic particles. particles collide with electrons made available by chem rxns in the body. pet detects the energy released in these collisions and maps hot spots. can be used to detect cancer
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radiation from decaying isotopes poses a hazard to life by
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damaging cellular molecules
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what subatomic particles are directly involved in the chemical rxns between atoms?
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only electrons
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energy
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the capacity to cause change, like by doing work
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potential energy
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the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
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the further an electron is from the nucleus...
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the greater its potential energy
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changes in the potential energy of electrons..
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can occur only in steps of fixed amounts
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an electron cannot exist...
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in between energy levels
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electron shells each have a
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characteristic average distance from nucleus and energy level
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an electron can change the shell it occupies by
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absorbing or losing an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between its position in the old shell and that in the new shell
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cars get hot because
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the sunlight excites electrons in the surface of a car to higher energy levels and when they fall back to their original levels, the car's surface heats up
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the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by
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the distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells
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valence shell
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the outermost electron shell
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an atom with a completed valence shell is
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unreactive, or inert
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spit some real talk about how electron shells were visualized in the old skool 1900s
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as concentric paths of electrons orbiting the nucleus
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orbital
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the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
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the reactivity of atoms arises from
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the presence of unpaired electrons in one or more orbitals of their valence shells
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the three 2p orbitals
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lie at right angles to one another along imaginary x, y, and z axes
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structural formula
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like H--H
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molecular formula
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like H2
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electron-distribution diagram
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looks like targets with letters in middle and little electron BALLS on target circles
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space-filling model
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a 3d depiction of molecules, looks like BALLS stuck together
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bonding capacity
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called the atom's valence; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atoms outermost (valence shell)
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why is phosphorus a bitch?
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because it can have a valence of 3 or 5
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a compound is a combo of two or more
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DIFFERENT elements
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electronegativity
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the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
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partial charges are indicated by
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delta minus and delta plus
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in order to form an ionic bond, must two ions have exchanged electrons with each other?
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hell no
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compounds formed by ionic bonds are called
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ionic compounds or salts
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salts are often found in nature as
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crystals
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ionic coumpounds have a
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lattice structure
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the term ion also applies to
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entire molecules that are electrically charged
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most drugs are manufactured as salts because
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they are stable when dry but can dissociate easily in water
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in organisms, most of the strongest chemical bonds are
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covalent bonds
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most important large biological molecules are held in their functional form by
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weak bonds
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hydrogen bond
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forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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what electronegative partners are usually in hydrogen bonds?
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O, N
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how the hell does a gecko lizard WALKUP a wall?
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van der waals interactions, por supuesto!between the hair tip molecules and the wall molecules
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van der waals interactions
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weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
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a molecule's shape is determined by
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the positions of the atoms' orbitals
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the single s and three p orbitals of a valence shell involved in covalent bonding...
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combine to form four teardrop-shaped hybrid orbitals that extend to the four corners of an imaginary tetrahedron
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BALL and STICK model
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exactly what it sounds like ;]
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hybrid-orbital model
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threeeeee deeeeee
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only molecules with complementary shapes can
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form weak bonds with each other
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molecular shape is crucial in biology because it determines...
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how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity
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what was isolated from opium during the 1800s?
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morphine
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what drug was synthesized from morphine
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heroin
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opiates...
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relieve pain and alter mood by binding to specific receptor molecules on the surface of brain cells
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endorphins
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signaling molecules made by the pituitary gland that bind to receptors, relieving pain and producing euphoria during times of stress
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why can opiates mimic endorphins
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they have similar shapes
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chemical rxns
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the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
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hit me with that badass photosynthesis equation
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6CO2 + 6H2O--->C6H12O6 + ^O2
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where do plants get the water for photosynthesis
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the soil
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all kemikool rxns are
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reversible
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kemikool eqn for ammonia?
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3H2 + N2<==>2NH3
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whats a factor affection the rate of a reaction
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concentration of reactant molecules (or products)
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chemical equilibrium
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when the forward and reverse rxns occur at the same rate and offset one another exactly
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equilibrium does NOT mean that
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the reactants and products are equal in concentration, only that their concentrations have stabilized at a particular ratio
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whats the name of a freshwater plant that does photosynthesis
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elodea
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all the chemical processes of organisms occur in
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water
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tell me about lawrence "you're not hardcore unless you live hardcore" henderson's "classic" book
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it's called The fitness of the Environment, and in it he highlights the importance of water to life
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life on earth began...
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in water and evolved there for 3 billi years before making its way to land
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what percentage of cells is water
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about 70-95%
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most cells are surrounded by
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water
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the water molecule is shaped like
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a wide V
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now i know you know, but just for kicks, which part of water is positive and which is neggie?
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hydrogen and oxygen, respectively
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when water is liquid, the hydrogen bonds are...
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fragile, each about 1/20 as strong as a covalent bond
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in water, each h bond lasts
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a few trillionths of a second
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cohesion
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water is held together by hydrogen bonds
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give an example of cohesion in natuer
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water from the roots of plants reaches leaves because as water evaporates from leaf, h bonds cause h2o molecules leaving the veins to tug on lower molecules
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adhesion
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the clinging of one substance to another
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why do water molecules stick to cell walls?
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adhesion
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surface tension
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a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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water moderates air temperature by
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absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler
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water is an effective heat bank because
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it can absorb/release a relatively big amount of heat w/ only a slight change in its own temp
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for a given body of matter, the amount of heat is a measure of
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the matter's total kinetic energy
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temperature
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a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume
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a swimming pool has more heat than a pot of coffee because heat depends on
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volume
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avg human body temp
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37 C
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comfy room temp
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20-25 C
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calorie
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the amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1 C
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kilocalorie
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the quantity of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1 C
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a joule equals
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.239 cal
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one calorie equals
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4.184 J
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water has a ___ specific heat
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high
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specific heat
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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 C
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specific heat of water
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1 cal/g/*C
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ethyl alcohol's specific heat
|
.6 cal/g/*C
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specific heat of water is __ __ __ than that of iron
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ten times greater
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we can trace waters high specific heat to
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hydrogen bonding
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a calorie of heat causes a relatively small change in the temp of water because
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much of the heat is used to disrupt h bonds before the water molecules can begin moving faster
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when the temp of water drops slightly,
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many additional h bonds form, releasing a considerable amount of heat
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vaporization
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the transformation from a liquid to a gas
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some evaporation
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occurs at any temp
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which water molecules escape to the air
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the fastest ones
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heat of vaporization
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the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
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how much heat is needed to evaporate 1 g of water at 25*C?
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about 580 cal
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water has a ____ heat of vaporization
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high
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steam burns
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caused by the heat energy released when steam condenses into liquid on the skin
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the heat of vaporization of water is ___ ___ that of alcohol or ammonia
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nearly double
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evaporative cooling
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as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down, because the "hottest" molecules are the most likely to leave
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high humidity on a hot day makes you uncomfortable because
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high concentration of water vapor in the air inhibits the evaporation of sweat from the body
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at temps above 4 C, water
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expands as it warms and contracts as it cools
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as temp falls to 0 C, water becomes
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locked into a crystalline lattice, each molecule h bonded to four partners
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ice is about ___ ___ dense than liquid water at 4 C
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10% less
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water is most dense at
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4 C
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carbon enters the biosphere by
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the action of plants, which use solar energy to transform atmospheric CO2 into the molecules of life
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what are the major elements of life
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CHNOPS
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organic chem
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the branch of chem that specializes in the study of carbon compounds
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methane
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CH4
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the overall percentages of CHNOPS are
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quite uniform from one organism to another
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science of organic chem originated in
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attempts to purify and improve the yield of organic products
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vitalism
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the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws
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who made the distinction between organic compounds, those thought to arise only in living organisms, and inorganic compounds
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swedish chemist jons jakob "all my single ladies" berzelius in the early 1800s
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who accidentally made urea, an organic compound present in the urine of animals, by mixing NH4+ (ammonium) and CNO- (cyanate)
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German chemist Friedrich "adieu, adieu, to yuh and yuh and yuh" wohler in 1828
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who made the organic compound acetic acid from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from pure elements
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hermann "i'm a dallasshole" kolbe`
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spit some real talk about miller's experiment
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1953. stanley miller. graduate student at uni of chicago. simulated conditions believed to exist on primitive earth to show that organic molecules could occur spontaneously
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mechanism
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the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life
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what are the bond angles when C is the central molecule bonded to four others
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109.5
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give me the motherfussin formula for ethane
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C2H6
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ethene (ethylene)
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C2H4
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when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond,
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all bonds around them are in the same plane
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CO2 is often considered
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inorganic
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urea
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CO(NH2)2
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carbon skeletons can be
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straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings
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hydrocarbons
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organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
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hydrocarbons are the major components of
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petroleum, which consists of the partially decomposed remains of ancient organisms
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hydrocarbons are not prevalent in
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living organisms
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neither petroleum nor fat
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dissolves in water
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propane
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c3h8
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hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that
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release a relatively large amount of energy (gasoline, tails of fat molecules)
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talk to me about butene
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C4H8. has double bonds. there's 1-butene with the = near the end and 2-butene with the = in the middle
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butane
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c4h10
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2-methylpropane
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also called isobutane. a branched isomer of butane. c4h10
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cyclohexane
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c6h12. single bonds all around. ring
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benzene
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c6h6. ring w/ alternating - and =
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mammalian adipose cells
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stockpile fat molecules as a fuel reserve. each cell is almost filled by a large fat droplet, which contains a huge # of fat molecules
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fat molecule tails can be
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broken down to provide energy
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pentane
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C5H12. straight up.
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2-methyl butane
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C5H12. looks like a T?
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cis isomer
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two Xs on the same side
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trans isomer
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two Xs are on opposite sides
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structural isomers
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differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms or in the location of double bonds
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number of possible isomers increases as
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carbon skeletons increase in size
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geometric isomers
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have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements
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differences in geometric isomers arise from
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the inflexibility of double bonds
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the biochemistry of vision involves a light-induced change of
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rhodopsin from the cis isomer to the tranny isomer
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enantiomers
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isomers that are mirror images of each other
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asymmetric carbon
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a carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
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spit some real talk about thalidomide
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well, it was a drug prescribed for tons of preggers wiminz in the late 50s/ early 60s. a mixture of two enantiomers, one of which reduced morning sickness but OH SHIT THE OTHER ONE CAUSED BIRTH DEFECTS
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when "good" enantiomer of thalidomide is used in purified form but
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some of it soon converts to the bad enantiomer
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two enantiomers are designated
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L and D
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ibuprofen has effective and ineffective enantiomers
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S- and R-ibuprofen, respectively
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albuterol has effective and ineffective enantiomers
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R- and S-albuterol, respectively
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estradiol and testosterone differ only in
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the chemical groups attached to a common carbon skeleton of four fused rings. girls' has HO- and boys' has -CH3 and =O
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steroids
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organic molecules with a common carbon skeleton in the form of fused rings
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functional groups
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a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in kemikool rxns
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functional groups ROLE CALL! (seven most important in biological processes)
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hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl
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which functional group is NOT reactive?
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methyl. it often acts as a recognizable tag
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hydroxyl
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--OH bonded ot the C skeleton. called alcohols. ex: ethanol. polar. can form H bonds w/ water molecules, helping dissolve org compounds like sugars
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carbonyl
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>CO. C joined to O by =. ketones if carbonyl group is within skeleton, aldehydes if its at the end of the skeleton. ketone ex: acetone, aldehyde ex: propanal. ketones and aldehydes can be structural isomers. two major groups of sugars: ketoses and aldoses (so named for obvi reasons)
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carboxyl
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--COOH. o atom double-bonded to C atom that is also bonded to --OH group. called carboxylic (organic) acids. ex: acetic acid. has acidic properties b/c covalent bond between o and h is so polar. found in cells in the ionized form w/ charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion
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amino
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-NH2. n atom bonded to two H atoms and to the C skeleton. called amines. ex: glycine. compounds w/ both amino and carboxyl groups are called amino acids. acts as a base. ionized w/ charge of 1+ in cells
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sulfhydryl
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--SH. S atom bonded ot H. resembles hydroxyl group in shape. called thiols. ex: cysteine. two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond; called "cross-linking" and helps stabilize protein structure.
cross-linking in hair proteins maintains curliness/straightness of hair |
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phosphate group
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--OPO3^2-. ionized form of a phosphoric acid group (--OPO3H2). called organic phosphates. ex: glycerol phosphate. contributes neggie charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2- when @ end, 1- when in the middle). can react w/ water, releasing energy
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methyl group
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carbon bonded to 3 H atoms. may be attached to a C or to a different atom. called methylated compounds. ex: 5-methyl cytidine. addition of a methyl group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes.
arrangement of methyl groups in m/f SEX hormones affects shape&function |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate. an organic molecule caled adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groups
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate. when HOPO3^2- reacts w/ water and breaks off from ATP to release energy, this is left
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three classes of macromolecules
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carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
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whats the class of large biomolecules that is not considered a macromolecule
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lipids
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biosphere-2
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Arizona. Center includes an artificial coral reef system in which the temp and chemistry of the seawater could be controlled and manipulated. Chris “tell me what you want, what you really, really want” langdon and his colleagues tested the effects of varying the concentration of co32- on the rate of calcification. Found that by 2065 there could be a 40% decrease in coral reef calcification
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as seawater acidifies, there is a decrease in the concentration of
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CO32-
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a decrease in CO32- is a concern to sea life because
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it decreases calcification
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calcification
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the production of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, by corals and other sea organisms
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what percentage of co2 is absorbed by oceans
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30%
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greenhouse effect
|
about half of the co2 released stays in the air, acting like a reflective blanket that prevents heat from radiating into outer space
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what is expected to double by 2065 in relation to 1880 levels
|
carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
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|
what is the main product of fossil fuel combustion
|
carbon dioxide
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uncontaminated rain has a pH of about
|
5.6, because of the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water
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|
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acid precip
|
rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.2
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|
|
the burning of fossil fuels is a major source of
|
sulfur oxides and nitrous oxides, which react with water in the air to form strong acids, which fall to Earth with rain or snow
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carbonic acid dissociates to yield
|
a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion
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how is carbonic acid, H2CO3, formed
|
when CO2 reacts with water in blood plasma
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|
whats a hella important buffer in human blood
|
carbonic acid, H2CO3
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|
most buffer solutions contain
|
a weak acid and its corresponding base
|
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buffers
|
substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution by accepting H ions
when they are in excess and donating them when they have been depleted |
|
|
the internal pH of most living cells is close to
|
7
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|
most biological fluids (ew) are in the pH range of
|
6-8
|
|
|
pH =
|
log [H+]
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|
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pH between 13 and 14
|
oven cleaner
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pH between 11 and 12
|
household bleach
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pH between 10 and 11
|
milk of magnesia
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|
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pH 8
|
seawater
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|
|
pH between 7 and 8
|
human blood, tears
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|
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pH 7
|
pure water
|
|
|
pH between 6 and 7
|
saliva
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|
|
pH 6
|
urine
|
|
|
pH between 5 and 6
|
rainwater
|
|
|
pH 5
|
black coffee
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|
|
pH 4
|
tomato juice
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|
pH 3
|
vinegar, beer, wine, cola
|
|
|
pH 2
|
gastric juice, lemon juice
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|
|
pH of 1
|
battery acid
|
|
|
one weak acid
|
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
|
|
|
one weak base
|
NH3
|
|
|
one strong acid and one strong base
|
HCl, NaOH
|
|
|
some bases reduce the H+ concentration indirectly by
|
dissociating to form hydroxide ions
|
|
|
Solution
|
a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances
|
|
|
give me a kickass example of a plant that is hydrophilic but doesnt dissolve
|
cotton, giant molecules of cellulose (dont forget to bring a TOWEL, fool!)
|
|
|
aqueous solution
|
one in which water is the solvent
|
|
|
what is the bestest solvent in the world
|
water
|
|
|
hydration shell
|
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
|
|
|
does a compound have to be ionic to dissolve in water?
|
No but it has to be polar
|
|
|
colloid
|
a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid. Substances are hydrophilic but dont actually dissolve
|
|
|
substances that are nonionic and nonpolar seem to
|
repel water (hydrophobia)
|
|
|
hydrophobic molecules related to oils are major ingredients of
|
cell membranes
|
|
|
hit me with the kemikool formula of table sugar, sucrose
|
C12H22O11
|
|
|
the lovers' equation for ethyl alcohol
|
C2H6O
|
|
|
what happens when a hydrogen atom is transferred between two water molecules
|
you are left with a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydronium ion (H3O+)
|
|
|
does H+ exist on its own in an aqueous solution?
|
No, it is always associated with another water molecules, making H3O+
|
|
|
in pure water, one water molecule in every ___ is dissociated
|
554 milli
|
|
|
what is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25 C
|
10^-7 M
|
|
|
acid
|
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
|
|
|
base
|
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
|
|
|
is NH3 an acid or base
base |
base
|
|
|
some bases reduce the H+ concentration directly by
|
accepting hydrogen ions
|
|
|
condensation/dehydration reaction
|
the rxn in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule. one monomer contributes the -h and the other the -oh
|
|
|
the dehydration process is facilitated by
|
enzymes
|
|
|
polymers are disassembled by...
|
hydrolysis, the breaking of bonds by the addition of water. an H from the water molecule attaches to one monomer and the OH attaches to the other
|
