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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

most common cause of early cyanosis (right to left shunts)

tetralogy of fallot
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
most common complication of aortic dissection
rupture
most common location of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta > coronary arteries > popliteal artery > carotid artery
most common cause of sudden cardiac death (death within 1 hour of onset of symptoms)
fatal arrhythmia
most common site of coronary artery occlusion
LAD > RCA> circumflex
most common type of cardiomyopathy
dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy
most common heart manifestation of SLE
libman-sacks endocarditis- sterile wart like vegetation on both sides of valve-may cause mitral regurg or stenosis, but usually benign
most commonly affected heart valve in rheumatic heart disease
mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
myxomas-- usually in the left atrium
most common primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma (associated with tuberous sclerosis)
most common heart tumor overall
metastases (melanoma, lymphoma)
most common cause of childhood systemic vasculitis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
most common vasculitis affects medium and large arteries
temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
most common site of dilation after administration of nitroglycerin or isosorbide dinitrate
veins >> arteries --> dec preload
most common fracture seen with osteoporosis
compression fractures/vertebra crush fractures-- lead to acute back pain, loss of height and kyphosis
most common benign bone tumor
osteochondroma
most common cause of septic arthritis in the U.S.
neisseria gonorrhea
most common patient to develop sarcoidosis
black females
most common neuromuscular junction disorder
myasthenia gravis
most common soft tissue tumor of childhood
rhabdomyosarcoma
most common primary brain tumor of adults
gliobastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
most common pituitary adenoma
prolactinoma
most common childhood supratentorial tumor
craniopharyngioma
most common form of child maltreatment
child neglect
most common teratogen to produce ASD
alcohol (2 out of 1000 kids with FAS have an ASD)
most common teratogen or congenital disease associated with PDA
congenital rubella
most common pathogen associated with septic arthritis immediately following joint replacement surgery
S. aureus
most common pathogen associated with acute bacterial endocarditis in an IV drug user
S. aureus
most common cause of bronchiolitis in an infant
RSV (respiratory synctial virus)
most common cause of interstitial/atypical pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumonia (along with viruses)- may see cold agglutinins
most common ventilator associated pneumonia?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
where is rickettia rickettsii most common?
despite causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever-- it is more common in the South Eastern US (the disease is carried by the American dog tick)
patient has sever headache, fever, and mylagias then a petechial rash on palms and soles (or wrist and ankles) that spreads to the trunk
R. ricketsii (rocky mountain spotted fever)
what are the features of secondary syphillis?
fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rash that includes the palms and soles, and condolomata lata (gential wart-like lesions)
undulating fever that peaks in the evening and slowly returns to normal by morning
brucella- contact with unpasteurized dairy products and animals (occurs most often in ranchers, dairy farmers and veternarians)
most common cause of aortic stenosis in the US?
bicuspid aortic valve that gets dystrophically calcified
most common type of esophageal cancer in the US?
esophageal adenocarcinoma of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus-- mostly due to squamocolumnar metaplasia from repeated acid reflux
what are the branched chain amino acids? what disease involves impaired degradation of these amino acids?
1. isoleucine, leucine, and valine
2. maple syrup urine disease- defect in the enzyme branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase are unable to break these down--leading to neurotoxicity, dystonia, poor feeding and urine that smells like burned caramel/sugar
adnexal mass and endometrial hyperplasia?
granulosa cell tumor-- secreting estrogen has less to proliferation of the endometrium (histologically you may see Call-Exner bodies)
how you measure visceral adiposity to get an idea of a patient's risk for insulin resistance and subsequent type 2 DM?
waist-to-hip ratio (hip only has subQ fat while waist/abdomen has visceral fat-fat surrounding internal organs)
what risk factors are included in metabolic syndrome?
hypertension, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance etc..
what action does insulin have on the liver?
increases glucose uptake and glycogenesis
which antipsychotic medication can cause granulocytopenia?
clozapine (it can also cause seizures)
which antipsychotic medication can cause long QT?
ziprasidone
Name three drugs that can cause elevated liver enzymes?
amiodarone, carbamezapine and isoniazis (which can cause full-blown hepatitis)
what two antibiotics can cause renal failure?
vancomycin and aminoglycosides (gentamycin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, and streptomycin)
what drugs can cause hypothyroidism?
lithium and amiodarone (which can cause either hypo or hyperthyroidism)
acute self-limited, febrile pharyngitis, with cough, nasal congestion, conjuctivitis and enlarged cervical nodes- often occurs in people living close together?
adenovirus (naked dsDNA virus)
arenavirus that can cause febrile aseptic meninoencephalitis or mild systemic flu like illness in people exposed to infected hamsters or mice
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCV)
flesh-colored pruritic papules with umbilicated center that typically contains white, curdlike material
molluscum contagiosum (a poxvirus- dsDNA that is complex replicates in the cytoplasm)
how does herpes zoster occur and in whom is it most common?
1. reactivation of VZV in dorsal root ganglia followed by dermatomal pattern of vesicular painful rash.
2. most common in elderly and immunocompromised
increased levels of what two things can help prevent calcium, phosphate, oxalate and uric acid stones from forming?
increased citrate and high fluid intake
how are fine (smaller than 2micrometer particles) handled by the respiratory tract?
they are phagocytosed my macrophages (as they make it all that way to the terminal alveoli)- the macrophages then become activated and can release growth factors that lead to collagen deposition and fibrosis--pneumoconiosis
what cells in the lung are responsible for replacing injured alveolar epithelium?
type II pneumocytes- they produce surfactant and can proliferate in response to injury
patients with a long history of dialysis are at risk for what neurological condition?
B2 microglobulin amyloidosis that can lead to median nerve compression and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome
when are symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome worse?
with repetitive movements and at night
other than physical trauma/repetitive movements what is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with?
hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and dialysis-associate amyloidosis
most common precursor of adenocarcinoma of the stomach in the US?
helicobacter pylori (chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal glandular metaplasia)
what parasite can cause cholagiocarcinoma?
clonorchis sinesis (chinese liver fluke)
what parasite can cause squamous cell cancer of the bladder?
schistosoma haematobium
what is a precursor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
actinic keratosis - premalignant lesion caused by sun exposure (small rough, red, brown papules= "cutaneous horn")- often presented in a farmer
what molecule is responsible for the pain of acute inflammation? what is it degraded by?
1. bradykinin
2. ACE
most common cranial nerve mononeuropathy in diabetics? sx?
CN III central/somatic fibers only dues to ischemia-- symptoms include ptosis (loss of innervation of levator palpebra), eyes are down and out (loss of EOM innervation) with pupillary accomodation normal
most common cause of a skin abscess?
S. aureus