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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
most common cause of early cyanosis (right to left shunts) |
tetralogy of fallot
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most common congenital cardiac anomaly
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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most common complication of aortic dissection
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rupture
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most common location of atherosclerosis
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abdominal aorta > coronary arteries > popliteal artery > carotid artery
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most common cause of sudden cardiac death (death within 1 hour of onset of symptoms)
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fatal arrhythmia
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most common site of coronary artery occlusion
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LAD > RCA> circumflex
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most common type of cardiomyopathy
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dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy
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most common heart manifestation of SLE
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libman-sacks endocarditis- sterile wart like vegetation on both sides of valve-may cause mitral regurg or stenosis, but usually benign
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most commonly affected heart valve in rheumatic heart disease
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mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
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most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
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myxomas-- usually in the left atrium
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most common primary cardiac tumor in children
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rhabdomyoma (associated with tuberous sclerosis)
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most common heart tumor overall
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metastases (melanoma, lymphoma)
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most common cause of childhood systemic vasculitis
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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most common vasculitis affects medium and large arteries
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temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
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most common site of dilation after administration of nitroglycerin or isosorbide dinitrate
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veins >> arteries --> dec preload
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most common fracture seen with osteoporosis
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compression fractures/vertebra crush fractures-- lead to acute back pain, loss of height and kyphosis
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most common benign bone tumor
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osteochondroma
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most common cause of septic arthritis in the U.S.
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neisseria gonorrhea
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most common patient to develop sarcoidosis
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black females
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most common neuromuscular junction disorder
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myasthenia gravis
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most common soft tissue tumor of childhood
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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most common primary brain tumor of adults
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gliobastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
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most common pituitary adenoma
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prolactinoma
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most common childhood supratentorial tumor
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craniopharyngioma
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most common form of child maltreatment
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child neglect
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most common teratogen to produce ASD
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alcohol (2 out of 1000 kids with FAS have an ASD)
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most common teratogen or congenital disease associated with PDA
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congenital rubella
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most common pathogen associated with septic arthritis immediately following joint replacement surgery
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S. aureus
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most common pathogen associated with acute bacterial endocarditis in an IV drug user
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S. aureus
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most common cause of bronchiolitis in an infant
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RSV (respiratory synctial virus)
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most common cause of interstitial/atypical pneumonia
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mycoplasma pneumonia (along with viruses)- may see cold agglutinins
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most common ventilator associated pneumonia?
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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where is rickettia rickettsii most common?
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despite causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever-- it is more common in the South Eastern US (the disease is carried by the American dog tick)
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patient has sever headache, fever, and mylagias then a petechial rash on palms and soles (or wrist and ankles) that spreads to the trunk
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R. ricketsii (rocky mountain spotted fever)
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what are the features of secondary syphillis?
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fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rash that includes the palms and soles, and condolomata lata (gential wart-like lesions)
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undulating fever that peaks in the evening and slowly returns to normal by morning
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brucella- contact with unpasteurized dairy products and animals (occurs most often in ranchers, dairy farmers and veternarians)
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most common cause of aortic stenosis in the US?
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bicuspid aortic valve that gets dystrophically calcified
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most common type of esophageal cancer in the US?
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esophageal adenocarcinoma of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus-- mostly due to squamocolumnar metaplasia from repeated acid reflux
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what are the branched chain amino acids? what disease involves impaired degradation of these amino acids?
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1. isoleucine, leucine, and valine
2. maple syrup urine disease- defect in the enzyme branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase are unable to break these down--leading to neurotoxicity, dystonia, poor feeding and urine that smells like burned caramel/sugar |
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adnexal mass and endometrial hyperplasia?
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granulosa cell tumor-- secreting estrogen has less to proliferation of the endometrium (histologically you may see Call-Exner bodies)
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how you measure visceral adiposity to get an idea of a patient's risk for insulin resistance and subsequent type 2 DM?
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waist-to-hip ratio (hip only has subQ fat while waist/abdomen has visceral fat-fat surrounding internal organs)
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what risk factors are included in metabolic syndrome?
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hypertension, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance etc..
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what action does insulin have on the liver?
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increases glucose uptake and glycogenesis
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which antipsychotic medication can cause granulocytopenia?
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clozapine (it can also cause seizures)
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which antipsychotic medication can cause long QT?
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ziprasidone
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Name three drugs that can cause elevated liver enzymes?
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amiodarone, carbamezapine and isoniazis (which can cause full-blown hepatitis)
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what two antibiotics can cause renal failure?
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vancomycin and aminoglycosides (gentamycin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, and streptomycin)
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what drugs can cause hypothyroidism?
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lithium and amiodarone (which can cause either hypo or hyperthyroidism)
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acute self-limited, febrile pharyngitis, with cough, nasal congestion, conjuctivitis and enlarged cervical nodes- often occurs in people living close together?
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adenovirus (naked dsDNA virus)
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arenavirus that can cause febrile aseptic meninoencephalitis or mild systemic flu like illness in people exposed to infected hamsters or mice
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lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCV)
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flesh-colored pruritic papules with umbilicated center that typically contains white, curdlike material
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molluscum contagiosum (a poxvirus- dsDNA that is complex replicates in the cytoplasm)
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how does herpes zoster occur and in whom is it most common?
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1. reactivation of VZV in dorsal root ganglia followed by dermatomal pattern of vesicular painful rash.
2. most common in elderly and immunocompromised |
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increased levels of what two things can help prevent calcium, phosphate, oxalate and uric acid stones from forming?
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increased citrate and high fluid intake
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how are fine (smaller than 2micrometer particles) handled by the respiratory tract?
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they are phagocytosed my macrophages (as they make it all that way to the terminal alveoli)- the macrophages then become activated and can release growth factors that lead to collagen deposition and fibrosis--pneumoconiosis
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what cells in the lung are responsible for replacing injured alveolar epithelium?
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type II pneumocytes- they produce surfactant and can proliferate in response to injury
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patients with a long history of dialysis are at risk for what neurological condition?
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B2 microglobulin amyloidosis that can lead to median nerve compression and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome
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when are symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome worse?
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with repetitive movements and at night
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other than physical trauma/repetitive movements what is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with?
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hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and dialysis-associate amyloidosis
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most common precursor of adenocarcinoma of the stomach in the US?
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helicobacter pylori (chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal glandular metaplasia)
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what parasite can cause cholagiocarcinoma?
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clonorchis sinesis (chinese liver fluke)
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what parasite can cause squamous cell cancer of the bladder?
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schistosoma haematobium
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what is a precursor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?
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actinic keratosis - premalignant lesion caused by sun exposure (small rough, red, brown papules= "cutaneous horn")- often presented in a farmer
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what molecule is responsible for the pain of acute inflammation? what is it degraded by?
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1. bradykinin
2. ACE |
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most common cranial nerve mononeuropathy in diabetics? sx?
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CN III central/somatic fibers only dues to ischemia-- symptoms include ptosis (loss of innervation of levator palpebra), eyes are down and out (loss of EOM innervation) with pupillary accomodation normal
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most common cause of a skin abscess?
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S. aureus
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