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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Morpheme |
Smallest unit of language with meaning |
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Do we need knowledge of a language to divide words into morphemes? |
Yes |
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Syllable |
Sound or group of sounds that are uttered together with one impulse of the voice |
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Do we need knowledge of a language to divide its words into syllables? |
No |
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What are the components of a syllable? |
Onset, Rhyme: Nucleus, Coda |
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What is the mandatory element of a syllable? |
Nucleus: can be a vowel, diphthong or a liquid or nasal. |
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Allomorph |
Different phonemes that belong to the same category, perform the same function. Occur in complementary distribution. |
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Can we predict an allomorph's distribution? |
Yes. |
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How do we determine the basic form for an allomorph? |
It appears before vowels. |
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Progressive Assimilation |
When sounds that precede a phoneme change the phoneme to take on characteristics of the previous sound. |
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Assimilation |
One sound becomes more like a nearby sound |
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Dissimilation |
A sound becomes more different than a nearby sound |
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Hiatus |
vowel-vowel contact |
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Is hiatus allowed in English? In all languages? |
Yes. "hIAtus". No French and Spanish do not allow for this and they change their articles based on the beginning of a word. |
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Prosody |
stress and intonation |
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What do nick names show us? |
That open vowel syllables are not permissible word-finally. Must end in a diphthong or a consonant. |
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What are 3 consonant onset rules in English? |
1st consonant: s 2nd consonant: voiceless stop 3rd consonant: liquid or glide *longest onset in English |
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What languages do we borrow words from? |
Languages that are more advanced in some area. |
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Semitic Language |
A language with a 3 consonant fixed layer M L X Then impose vowels into this structure to form words with different meanings |
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Reduplication |
continuous string of sounds is repeated, can be used for inflection or derivation |
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What tests determine if an affix is PRIMARY or SECONDARY? |
1. is it counted when determining stress position ante-pen-ultimate 2. does it apply to the trisyllablic lacing rule 3. can it be added to bound morphemes 4. can it be added to a base + a primary affix |
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Trisyllabic Laxing Rule |
When a vowel is followed by 2 syllables (the first syllable = unstressed) then a tense vowel becomes lax |
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triplicate synonymy |
english has approximately three words for each referee |
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Linguistic Exaption |
if a linguistic term is no longer relevant, it will be assigned a new meaning or disappear |
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Levelling |
different pronunciations of words that do not reflect meaning are eliminated |
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Analogy |
Extending a rule to cover many terms and then learning exceptions |
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Is inflection still expressed if not expressed? |
Syntax says yes. |
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Analytic |
Language uses new words and morphemes to give new meaning |
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Synthetic |
Language uses morphemes to give new meaning, inflection expressions |
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What is Universal Grammar? |
The idea that all languages are based on set principles and parameters that are common to all languages. Would explain child acquisitor and language disorders. |
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What are common ways of learning to all languages? |
1. generalizability 2. learn through analogies 3. categorization 4. abstract 5. compositionality 6. regularity
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Has a universal grammar been proven? |
No. hard to find evidence for innate, based too much on english, only two options for each parameter? |
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What makes syntax ambiguous in English? |
lack of inflection |
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Causative Sentence |
Active Voice |
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Resultative Sentence |
Passive Voice |
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Reflexive sentence |
Neither i.e.. the glass broke Is there an agent? |
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Morphological Processes |
ways of forming new words |
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Backformation |
when an affix is removed to form a new word Ex. _burger, conversate_ |
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Affixation |
an affix is added in order to create a new word Ex. unhappy, undecided |
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Accronyms |
when the first letters of a string of words are pronounced as a word on their own Ex. PETA, AIDS, NASA |
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Abbreviations |
when the first letters of a string of words are pronounced individually Ex. WTF, LOL, SPCA |
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Compounding |
when two or more words are put together to form a new word Ex. backyard, laptop |
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Borrowing |
when a word is adopted from another language and incorporated into the lexicon Ex. sushi, pad thai |
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Blending |
When two or more words are merged together Ex. Brunch, tinderella |
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Brand Name |
when a brand name is adopted and used generically in the lexicon to represent similar products Ex. hoover, kleenex, q tip |
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Clipping |
When a word retains its same meaning but a new word is formed by shortening the phonological form Ex. ply, snap, prof |
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zero derivation |
when a word form remains the same but the grammatical category changes and creates a new word Ex. live, money, flow |
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folk etymology |
when a word is not interpreted properly Ex. beckon call, meat, supposably |
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onomatopoeia |
when a word mimics the sound that it refers to Ex. moo, snap, crack
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stress shift |
when the stress changes in a word form and results in a different meaning Ex. address, project |
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reduplication |
a string of sounds (part or a whole word) are repeated Ex. boom-boom, cray-cray |
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Allomorphs |
- 2 or more phonemes that serve the same function - complementary distribution - can predict distribution based on context - basic form occurs with vowels - example: plural/past tense markings |
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Syllable |
- onset - ryhme a. nucleus (mandatory) b. coda
- don't need language knowledge to split into syllables - build up onset not coda
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Agglutinative Language |
- type of synthetic - each affix that is added to a word has 1 meaning
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Analytic Language |
Meaning is expanded upon by adding new words not new morphemes to existing words |
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Synthetic |
morphemes are added to words to expand upon meaning instead of adding new words |
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Fusional Language |
- type of synthetic language - affixes that attach to words can have more than one meaning - affixes can combine |
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Progressive Assimiltation |
Phoneme is influenced by a previous phoneme - takes on properties of that phoneme |
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Regressive Assimilation |
Phoneme is influenced by a phoneme ahead - takes on properties of that phoneme |
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Dissimilation |
Phoneme is made more different that a surrounding phoneme |
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Suppletion |
when a root is replaced with another to form an allomorph Ex. go - went |
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Syncretism |
when two forms of morphological descriptions are represented the same way Ex. give and gave (not syncretic) , bet (past) and bet (present) = syncretic
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