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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adolescence
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The transition between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty.
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Puberty
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Biological changes at adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
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Growth spurt
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Rapid gain in height and weight that is the first outward sign of puberty.
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Primary sexual characteristics
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Physical features that involve the reproductive organs
• ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females • penis, scrotum, testes in males |
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Menarche
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first menstruation
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Spermarche
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First ejaculation of seminal fluid
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Secular trend
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A change from one generation to the next in an aspect of development, such as body size or pubertal timing.
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Body image
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Body image conception of and attitude toward one's physical appearance.
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Anorexia nervosa
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An eating disorder in which young people, mainly females, starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat and an extremely distorted body image.
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Bulimia nervosa
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An eating disorder in which individuals, mainly females, engage in strict dieting and exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives.
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Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
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A former operational problem-solving strategy in which adolescents begin with a hypothesis, or prediction, about variables that might affect an outcome. From the hypothesis, they deduce logic, testable inferences. Then they systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of those inferences are confirmed in the real world.
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Propositional thought
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A type of formal operational reasoning involving the ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real-world circumstances.
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Imaginary audience
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Adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern.
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Personal fabe
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Adolescents' belief that they are special and unique. Leads them to conclude that others cannot possibly understand their thoughts and feelings and may promote a sense of invulnerability to danger.
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Conceptions of Adolescence
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Biological changes are universal.
Psychological and social forces interact with biological changes. Adolescence, its length, and its demands and pressures vary among cultures. |
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Hormonal Changes in Puberty
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-Growth hormone and thyroxine increase around age 8-9.
-Estrogens more in girls adrenal estrogens -Androgens more in boys testosterone |
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Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence, Boys
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1. Growth Spurt
starts age 12½ 2. Proportions shoulders broaden, longer legs 3. Muscle-Fat Makeup gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency |
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Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence, Girls
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1. Growth Spurt
starts age 10 2. Proportions Hips broaden 3. Muscle-Fat Makeup gain more fat |
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Sexual Maturation
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1. Primary Sexual Characteristics
maturation of the reproductive organs girls: menarche boys: spermarche 2. Secondary Sexual Characteristics other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity girls: breasts boys: facial hair, voice change both: underarm hair |
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Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty
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Heredity
Nutrition, exercise (body fat, leptin in girls) Geographical location SES Ethnic group Early family experiences Secular trends |
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Adolescent Brain Development
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1. Pruning continues in the frontal lobes
2. Growth and myelination speed up, strengthening connections among regions -resulting cognitive advances, 1&2: attention planning integrating information self-regulation 3. Neurotransmitter response changes, making more sensitive to excitatory messages intensifies reactions to: stress pleasure, novelty |
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Sleep Habits in Adolescence
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-Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later
-Lack of sleep impairs cognitive functions. lower achievement mood problems high-risk behaviors |
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Reactions to Puberty: Girls
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surprise
more positive than in past preparation, information help father's involvement helps ethnic variations |
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Reactions to Puberty: Boys
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mixed reactions
sooner than expected preparation helps could benefit from telling people |
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Adolescent Moodiness
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-More negative life events
-Stronger responses -Mood swings related to daily events cultural scripts |
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Adolescent Emotions Across the Week
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Adolescents' reports revealed that emotional high points are on Fridays and Saturdays. Mood drops on Sunday, before returning to school, and during the week, as students spend much time in adult-structured settings in school.
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Parent-Child Relationships During Adolescence
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-Rise in conflict
adaptive behavior psychological distancing different views of teen readiness for responsibility -Most conflict is mild. also affection, support |
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Consequences of Timing of Puberty: Girls
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1. Early Maturing:
unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence more deviant behavior negative body image more long-term problems 2. Late Maturing: popular sociable, lively, school leaders positive body ima |
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Consequences of Timing of Puberty: Boys
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1. Early Maturing:
popular confident, independent positive body image 2. Late Maturing: unpopular anxious, talkative, attention-seeking negative body imag |
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Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty
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-Physical attractiveness - body image
girls: most want to be thinner, smaller boys: most want to be bigger -Fitting in with peers prefer similar level of physical maturity |
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Nutrition in Adolescence
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-Calorie needs increase
-Poor food choices common less fruits, vegetables less milk, breakfast more soda, fast food -Eating with family can help |
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Eating Disorders
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Severe dieting a strong indicator
Family relationships Cultural pressure |
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Types of Eating Disorders
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1. Anorexia Nervosa
starve out of fear of getting fat difficult to treat 2. Bulimia Nervosa strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge more common, easier to treat |
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Adolescent Sexuality
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-North American attitudes restrictive
-Media contradicts family messages abstinence programs -More liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for committed partners -Activity matches attitudes -Rates declining since 1990s -Few partners |
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Talking to Adolescents About Sex
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Foster open communication.
Use correct terms. Listen, discuss, and collaborate. Think before talking. Keep conversations going. The Internet can be a hazardous educator. |
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Sexually Active Adolescents
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Many young adolescents are sexually active - more than in other Western nations. Boys tend to have their first intercourse earlier than girls. By the end of high school, rates of boys and girls having had sexual intercourse are similar.
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Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents
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1. Personal
early puberty tendency to violate norms little religious involvement 2. Family step, single-parent, or large family weak parental monitoring, parent-child communication 3. Peer sexually active friends or siblings 4. Educational poor school performance low educational goals |
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Homosexuality: Sequence of Coming Out
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-Feeling different
Ages 6-12 -Confusion Ages 11-15 -Self-acceptance Timing varies |
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Adolescents and STDs
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-Adolescents highest STD rate
high rate in United States 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active -AIDS most serious manifests 8-10 years later often infected during adolescence -Females more easily infected -Education improving |
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Risks for Teen Mothers
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Less educational achievement
More time as single parents Economic problems Pregnancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills |
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Pregnancy Rates Among 15- to 19-Year Olds
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US teenagers have the highest pregnancy rate
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Help for Teen Pregnancy: Prevention
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more sex education
skills for handling situations promoting abstinence information and access to contraceptives academic and social competence school involvement |
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Help for Teen Pregnancy: Intervention with Teenage Parents
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health care
help staying in school job and life-management training parenting instruction adult mentors affordable child care father support |
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Adolescent Parenthood
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-Mother's age at childbirth
strong predictor of next generation's age at childbirth -Not inevitable, but linked to: home environment, parenting intelligence, education father's absence |
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Adolescent Substance Abusers
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Compared to experimenters:
-more antisocial, impulsive acts -start earlier -more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors: low SES family drug use family difficulties physical, sexual abuse poor school performance |
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Prevention and Treatment
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Best school and community programs:
promote effective parenting teach skills to resist peer pressure reduce social acceptability of drugs commit adolescents to drug-free lifestyles |
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Piaget's Theory: Formal Operational Stage
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-Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
deducing hypotheses from a general theory pendulum problem -Propositional thought evaluating the logic of verbal propositions |
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Piaget's Pendulum Problem
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Adolescents who engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning think of variables that might possibly affect the speed with which a pendulum swings through its arc. Then they isolate and test each variable as well as testing the variables in combination. Eventually they deduce that the weight of the object, the height from which it is released, and how forcefully it is pushed have no effect on the speed with which the pendulum swings through its arc. Only string length makes a difference.
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Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought
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1. School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills.
Problems with propositional thinking logical necessity 2. Formal operations may not be universal. Training, context contribute Often fall back on easier thinking Schooling essential factor |
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Information-Processing Improvements in Adolescence
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Attention
Inhibition Memory strategies Knowledge Metacognition Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity Speed of thinking |
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Scientific Reasoning
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-Coordinating theory with evidence
-Improves with age from childhood through adulthood individuals vary -Contributing factors: working memory capacity exposure to complex problems metacognitive understanding open-mindedness |
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Consequences of Abstract Thought
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-Self-consciousness and self-focusing
imaginary audience sensitivity to criticism personal fable -Idealism and criticism -Planning and decision making inexperience overwhelming options |
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School Transitions in Adolescence
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-Grades decline with each transition.
higher standards less supportive teaching-learning environment -Lower self-esteem more with 6-3-3 organization than 8-4 girls more than boys |
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School Transitions and Students with Problems
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Well-adjusted students, students with only academic problems, and students with only mental health problems showed little change. (Good students with mental health problems actually declined in problem behaviors). In contrast, multiple-problem students-with both academic and mental health difficulties-increased sharply in truancy and problem behaviors after changing schools from eight to ninth grade.
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Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions
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Parental involvement, monitoring
Smaller units within schools Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school |
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Supporting Academic Achievement
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1. Child-rearing practices
authoritative joint decision making parent-school partnerships 2. Peer influences Value high achievement 3. School characteristics classroom learning experiences teaching tracking 4. Employment schedule Vocational education |
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Dropout Prevention Strategies
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-High-quality vocational training
-Remedial instruction -Personalized counseling address factors in students' lives outside school -Extracurricular activities |
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Benefits of Extracurricular Activities
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Academic performance
Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Less antisocial behavior Improved family relationships |
