More Gi Flashcards

Front 1

What are 3 non-lesions of the esophagus?

Back 1

Hyperkeratosis
Muscular hypertrophy of the distal esophagus (horse)
Esophageal food bolus (rule out choke)

Front 2

How do you distinguish an agonal food bolus from choke?

Back 2

Look for mucosal reaction – hyperemic response with choke

Front 3

The esophagus heals by ____________, not by ___________.

Back 3

Heals by scarring/ fibrosis
Not by regeneration

Front 4

The esophagus heals poorly, with fibrosis leading to ________________.

Back 4

Stenosis

Front 5

What are 2 causes of corrosive esophagitis?

Back 5

Ingestion of irritating substances
Regurgitation of gastric contents

Front 6

What parasite leaves little tracts in the esophagus of ruminants?

Back 6

Gonglyonema

Front 7

What is the name of the nematode parasite of dogs that forms nodules in the wall of the esophagus?

Back 7

Spirocerca lupi

Front 8

What can happen if these nodules are allowed to progress?

Back 8

They can transform into mesenchymal neoplasms like fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma

Front 9

What parasite is very common in the esophageal musculature of ruminants?

Back 9

Sarcosporidia

Front 10

What kinds of tumors can be seen in the esophagus?

Back 10

Papillomas occasionally in cattle, dogs, and cats
SCC and mesenchymal tumors rarely

Front 11

Which form of bloat is typically secondary to esophageal obstruction?

Back 11

Acute or Free gas bloat

Front 12

How do you distinguish free gas bloat from post-mortem rumen distension?

Back 12

Postmortem distension has no obvious obstruction, might see bloat line with free gas bloat

Front 13

What type of bloat tends to be seen in herd outbreaks?

Back 13

Frothy bloat

Front 14

How does bloat kill an animal?

Back 14

Increases abdominal/thoracic pressure and impedes venous return –die of hypovolemic shock

Front 15

What is a bloat line?

Back 15

The esophageal mucosa proximal to the thoracic inlet is hyperemic whereas that in the thoracic esophagus is blanched. The bloat line is the margin of these two areas.

Front 16

What is the first event that occurs in canine bloat?

Back 16

Gastric dilation

Front 17

What are some characteristics of lactic acidosis?

Back 17

Low rumen pH
Degeneration and necrosis of rumen epithelium
Rumenal vesicles
Invasion of bacteria and fungi into rumen wall
High grain diet

Front 18

What lesions are typically seen with lactic acidosis?

Back 18

Vesicles/ ulcers in rumen with necrosis of tissue
Liver abscesses

Front 19

What is the name of the disease in which sharp objects swallowed by cattle penetrate the wall of the reticulum and cause peritonitis?

Back 19

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis or “Hardware disease”

Front 20

What lesions would you see with hardware disease?

Back 20

Fibrinous or fibrinopurulent peritonitis
Possibly pleuritis or pericarditis

Front 21

What is a trichobezoar?

Back 21

A hairball

Front 22

Carnivores lack what region of the stomach?

Back 22

The aglandular part

Front 23

Which compartment is the true stomach of the ruminant?

Back 23

The abomasum

Front 24

What do goblet cells secrete?

Back 24

Mucin

Front 25

What do chief cells secrete?

Back 25

Pepsinogen

Front 26

What do parietal cells secrete?

Back 26

HCl

Front 27

What do the endocrine cells secrete?

Back 27

A variety of amine and peptide hormones such as gastrin

Front 28

What are 3 non-lesions of the stomach?

Back 28

Physiologic hyperemia
Postmortem gastric rupture in calves and horses
Torus pyloricus

Front 29

What is torus pyloricus?

Back 29

A tongue-shaped bulge at the gastroduodenal junction especially prominent in pigs and goats

Front 30

What 2 types of abomasal displacement are there? Which has a better prognosis?

Back 30

Simple/ uncomplicated usually seen in dairy cattle has a better prognosis – organ displaced to left or right of normal position
Volvulus – abomasum twists on its mesentery and occludes venous drainage – poor prognosis (rapid death) – usually seen in calves

Front 31

In what 2 species is gastric dilatation especially common and important?

Back 31

Dog and Horse

Front 32

Ruminal papilloma virus + _____?______ (plant) -> cancer

Back 32

Brackenfern

Front 33

How can you distinguish antemortum gastric rupture from postmortem gastric rupture?

Back 33

Look for signs of hemorrhage and inflammation
Peritonitis, hyperemia, hemorrhage at the margins of the tear, fibrin deposition

Front 34

In the glandular stomach, there are 2 major distributions of ulcers seen – what are they?

Back 34

Multiple superficial ulcers
Single or several large craterous ulcers

Front 35

What are 6 potential causes of multifocal superficial ulcers?

Back 35

Uremia
Viruses
Toxins
Septicemia
Gastritis
Parasites

Front 36

What are some etiologies of large craterous ulcers?

Back 36

Idiopathic
Neoplasia
Foreign body

Front 37

What are some potential consequences of gastric ulcers?

Back 37

Hemorrhage (melena, anemia, etc)
Perforation (peritonitis)
Colonization of bacteria (i.e. Clostridium botulinum type B in horses)

Front 38

What kind of epithelium covers the aglandular portion of the stomach in pigs and horses?

Back 38

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 39

Which species will slough its squamous gastric epithelium?

Back 39

Pigs

Front 40

True or false: Ulceration of the squamous portion of the pig stomach is very common and important.

Back 40

True

Front 41

What can idiopathic ulceration of the squamous portion of the pig stomach lead to? (2 important consequences)

Back 41

Hemorrhage
Exsanguination

Front 42

Training racehorses tend to get what kind of ulcers? What part(s) of the stomach does it affect?

Back 42

Stress ulcers
Both glandular and aglandular regions

Front 43

What kind of ulcers do sled dogs in Alaska tend to get?

Back 43

Stress ulcers

Front 44

What is the signalment of horses that typically get squamous gastric ulcers?

Back 44

Stressed foals under 4 months

Front 45

Ulcers of the pars esophagea of foals have been associated with what 3 conditions?

Back 45

Gastric reflux
Gastrophilus infestation
Candida infection

Front 46

Aspirin causes ulceration of the glandular stomach in which species?

Back 46

Cats and dogs

Front 47

Phenylbutazone cuases ulcerations of the glandular stomach in which species?

Back 47

Dog and horse

Front 48

What class of drugs reduces blood flow to the mucosa?

Back 48

NSAIDs

Front 49

What viruses may be associated with gastric ulcers?

Back 49

BVD
MCF
FMD
Bluetongue
Papular stomatitis
IBR
Rinderpest

Front 50

Ingestion of blister beetles causes gastric ulceration in what species?

Back 50

Horses

Front 51

Why would a dog with a mast cell tumor get gastric ulcers?

Back 51

Mast cells secrete histamine, a major stimulator of gastric acid secretion

Front 52

Tumors of the delta cells of the pancreatic islets may produce excess ___________ that may result in gastric ulcers.

Back 52

Gastrin

Front 53

Acute gastritis is characterized by what type of exudate?

Back 53

Hemorrhagic exudates

Front 54

Hemorrhagic exudate is indistinguishable from what?

Back 54

Gastric hemorrhage (without inflammation)

Front 55

What are some important causes of acute gastritis in dogs?

Back 55

DIC
Parvovirus
Distemper
Bacterial gastritis (garbage can gastritis)
All the things that cause ulcers

Front 56

What are some causes of gastritis in species other than the dog?

Back 56

Same things that cause ulcers
(FB, uremia, viruses, toxins, septicemia, parasites, neoplasia, etc)

Front 57

Braxy is a disease characterized by discrete areas of hemorrhagic necrosis in the stomach of ruminants that is caused by _______________.

Back 57

Clostridial infections
(Cl. septicum)

Front 58

_______________ is a blood sucking parasite in the abomasum of small ruminants and will rapidly cause death from blood loss.

Back 58

Haemonchus

Front 59

What are 2 forms of chronic gastritis?

Back 59

Gastric abscess
Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis

Front 60

Gastric abscesses are usually bacterial except for those induced by _________ in horses.

Back 60

Draschia

Front 61

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis is associated with ____________ in herbivores.

Back 61

Parasitism

Front 62

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis in cats is associated with ______________ infection.

Back 62

Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter felis

Front 63

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis and related eosinophilic gastritis in dogs is likely to be related to what?

Back 63

Abnormal stimulation of the immune system by antigens in the food

Front 64

Gastric mucosal hypertrophy is significant because it leads to what?

Back 64

Protein-losing gastropathy

Front 65

Type I ostertagiasis in cattle causes what gastric reaction?

Back 65

Acute hemorrhagic gastritis

Front 66

Type II ostertagiasis in cattle causes what gastric reaction?

Back 66

Hyperplasia
Metaplasia (loss of parietal cells)
Mucosal hypertrophy (focal or diffuse)

Front 67

Mucosal hypertrophy with resultant cobblestone appearance to the glandular portion of the equine stomach has been attributed to ____________ infection.

Back 67

Trichostrongyle
(Trichostrongylus axei)

Front 68

In what two dog breeds is gastric mucosal hypertrophy especially common? What disease do they typically already have?

Back 68

Basenji and Boxer
Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastroeneritis

Front 69

How do adenomatous polyps of the canine stomach cause disease?

Back 69

Block pyloric outflow

Front 70

What breeds typically get adenomatous polyps?

Back 70

Small breeds

Front 71

You find a large ulcerated cauliflower like lesion in the stomach with a sterile peritonitis. What is the probable diagnosis?

Back 71

Gastric carcinoma

Front 72

Where do gastric carcinomas occur in the canine stomach?

Back 72

Pyloric region
Can cause pyloric stenosis

Front 73

Where do gastric carcinomas occur in the equine stomach?

Back 73

Aglandular portion

Front 74

True or false: Gastric carcinomas tend to be ulcerated.

Back 74

True

Front 75

In which species are gastric leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas most common?

Back 75

Dog

Front 76

What do leiomyo(sarco)mas look like grossly?

Back 76

Nodular lesions +/-ulceration of overlying mucosa

Front 77

Gastric lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) is common in cattle with the multicentric form of ____________.

Back 77

Bovine leukosis

Front 78

What does gastric lymphoma in cattle look like grossly?

Back 78

Thickening of abomasal wall with homogenous soft cream color

Front 79

What does gastric lymphoma look like in cats, dogs, and horses?

Back 79

EITHER diffuse infiltration of mucosa
OR
Discrete nodules or plaques of tumor

Front 80

True or false: Blood-staining of ingesta at necropsy is an indication of hemorrhage into the intestinal tract.

Back 80

False.
Blood leaks out into the gut lumen after death and stains the ingesta.

Front 81

True or false: Hyperemia of the intestinal tract likely indicates inflammation.

Back 81

False.
May be physiologic hyperemia

Front 82

What is terminal intussusception caused by?

Back 82

Irregular peristalsis that continues after death

Front 83

What is hemamelasma ilei and what is its significance?

Back 83

Red-brown plaques on the serosal surface of the horse ileum.
Incidental finding – no known pathology

Front 84

Hirshsprungs disease or intestinal agangliosis tends to occur in what color and breed of horse?

Back 84

White (overo) American Paint

Front 85

What are 4 types of changes intestinal in position?

Back 85

Hernia
Volvulus
Intussusception
Displacement

Front 86

What are the potential consequences of changes in intestinal position?

Back 86

Incarceration of affected bowel
(ischemic bowel disease)

Front 87

Name a cause of intestinal strangulation in the horse that involves a benign tumor.

Back 87

Pedunculated lipoma

Front 88

The twisting of a loop of bowel about its mesenteric base of attachment is termed what?

Back 88

Volvulus

Front 89

The telescoping of one segment of gut inside another is termed what?

Back 89

Intussusception

Front 90

Displacements and torsions are especially common in the colon of which species?

Back 90

Equine

Front 91

Left dorsal displacement of the equine colon is also called what?

Back 91

Nephrosplenic entrapment

Front 92

What is the causative agent of verminous arteritis?

Back 92

Strongyle migration

Front 93

What does verminous arteritis do to the intestine?

Back 93

Thrombosis of mesenteric blood vessels

Front 94

What does infarcted bowel look like grossly?

Back 94

Dark red and edematous,congested transmurally, sharply demarcated from normal bowel, and wall rapidly undergoes necrosis and becomes friable.

Front 95

What are some causes of intestinal obstruction?

Back 95

Congenital anomalies
Bowel displacement
Foreign bodies
Scarring or external compression from a mass
Parasites, enteroliths, etc

Front 96

What are some consequences of intestinal obstruction?

Back 96

Rupture
Ulceration

Front 97

Define typhlitis.

Back 97

Inflammation of the caecum

Front 98

Define proctitis.

Back 98

Inflammation of the rectum

Front 99

What are some causes of hemorrhagic enteritis?

Back 99

Viral
Bacterial
Toxins
Parasites
DIC in dogs
Fungus
Uremia

Front 100

What are some viral causes of hemorrhagic enteritis?

Back 100

Canine parvo (not feline)
Canine coronavirus
BVD (mucosal disease)
Hog Cholera
ASF
Winter dysentery of cattle (corona or bredavirus)

Front 101

What bacteria can cause hemorrhagic enteritis?

Back 101

Salmonella in ruminants, horses, swine
EPEC (O157)
Clostridium perfringens A,B, C in large animals
Clostridium difficile
Rhodococcus equi
Erlichia risticii (Potomac Horse Fever)
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentery)
Lawsonia
Clostridium piliformis
Neorickettsia helminthoeca

Front 102

What toxins can cause hemorrhagic enteritis?

Back 102

NSAIDs
Blister beetle in horses
Oakbud in horses

Front 103

What parasites can cause hemorrhagic enteritis?

Back 103

Truchuris (whipworms)
Coccidiosis – cattle, pigs, dogs especially
Ancylostoma, Bunostomum

Front 104

Which agents cause fibrinous enteritis?

Back 104

Salmonella
Coccidosis
Tyzzer’s disease

Front 105

What does the mucosa of the intestine look like with granulomatous enteritis?

Back 105

Thickened and thrown into broad folds
Bowel edematous
Lymphangiectasia may occur

Front 106

Histiocytic colitis in boxers is associated with what pathogen?

Back 106

E. coli

Front 107

What are 2 clinical signs you might see in an animal with chronic granulomatous enteritis?

Back 107

Chronic diarrhea
Hypoproteinemia (secondary to protein losing enteropathy)

Front 108

What is the causative agent of Johne’s disease?

Back 108

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Front 109

Which part of the gut is most commonly affected in Johne’s disease?

Back 109

Distal ileum
Less commonly proximal large bowel

Front 110

Which lymph nodes are affected in Johne’s disease?

Back 110

The ones adjacent to the bowel. Maybe they are mesenteric…

Front 111

Equine granulomatous enteritis is most commonly seen in which breed of horse?

Back 111

Standarbred

Front 112

What is the causative agent of equine granulomatous enteritis?

Back 112

Mycobacterium avium
Some cases we don’t know what causes it

Front 113

Granulomatous enteritis may be encountered with specific agents such as ___________ in dogs and ____________ in foals.

Back 113

Histoplasma
Rhodococcus equi

Front 114

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis/enteritis/ colitis occurs in dogs and cats in response to what?

Back 114

Hypersensitivity response to ingested dietary allergens

Front 115

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis/enteritis/ colitis is also a familial disease in some breeds such as the ___________.

Back 115

Basenji

Front 116

Lymphocytic/ plasmacytic gastritis/enteritis/ colitis is sometimes associated with specific agents such as _______________ and __________________.

Back 116

Giardia
Trichomonas

Front 117

Chronic eosinophilic gastritis/ enteritis/ colitis is associated with __________________.

Back 117

Intestinal parasitic infections.

Front 118

In intestinal lymphangiectasia, what will rupture of dilated lymphatics produce in the mesentery and serosal surface of the affected bowel?

Back 118

Granulomas

Front 119

True or false: Polyps of the canine rectum or colon are not uncommon.

Back 119

True

Front 120

Intestinal carcinomas are relatively uncommon except in ___________ (species) in certain areas of the world.

Back 120

Sheep

Front 121

Intestinal carcinomas are typically annular lesions which may cause ___________ of the bowel lumen.

Back 121

Stenosis

Front 122

Which of the following is FALSE about intestinal carcinomas?
a. Uncommon except in sheep in some areas of the world
b. Can affect any area of the small or large intestine
c. Typically annular lesion that can causes stenosis of the bowel lumen
d. Mucosal surface often ulcerated
e. Locally aggressive lesion, but rarely metastasizes

Back 122

E – may metastasize widely

Front 123

What cells are the endocrine tumors of the intestine derived from?

Back 123

Enterochromaffin or Kulschitsky cells

Front 124

Intestinal lymphoma is seen especially in which species?

Back 124

Cats
Dogs
Horses

Front 125

What does intestinal lymphoma look like?

Back 125

Whatever it wants to look like
Nodules of tumor
Diffuse infiltrates
May look grossly and histologically like chronic enteritis and has similar clinical signs

Front 126

Perianal gland tumors from the perianal hepatoid glands are typically (benign/ malignant).

Back 126

Benign

Front 127

Which perianal gland tumors are invariably malignant?

Back 127

Apocrine glands of anal sac

Front 128

Intestinal mast cell tumor, though rare, occurs in which species?

Back 128

Dog and cat