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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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We underestimate the influence of others on our behaviour. It can be intentional or unintentional |
hi |
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what is Social influence? |
Social influence is defined as the effects as the presence or actions of others, on the way people think, feel and behave. (most often occurs in group situations) |
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What is a group? |
Two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose. |
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What are the Characteristics of a group |
- Number of people (two or more) - They must interact with each other for more than a few moments and influence one another - Must share common purpose and goal - Have a sense of belonging with the group |
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What is status? |
In each group each person will have a level of status Status is the level of importance that member has within the group |
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What is power? |
The amount of status a person has will determine the amount of power they have within the group This refers to the ability that individual has to control and influence thoughts, feelings and behaviours of another person/ group. |
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what is reward power |
ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour |
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what is Coercive Power |
ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour |
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what is Legitimate power |
An individual's status in a group or society in general, gives them the right to exercise power over those with a lower status. |
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what is Referent power |
Individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person |
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what is Expert power |
Having special skills that are desirable or needed. |
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what is Informational power |
Having resources or information that are useful and not available elsewhere |
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What is the influence of status and social power within groups? |
An individual within group will have a role to play, this relates to their social power and status. The role is the behaviour assigned to them that will influence the way in which they function in social situations. |
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What was Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment? |
-Participants were given a role, either guard or prisoner - Experiment designed to last two weeks but was stopped after 6 days due to the severity of the actions of both guards and prisoners. - study of the human response to captivity, in particular, to the real world circumstances of prison life. - conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University-the aim was To investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role - playing exercise that simulated prison life. - People will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards. |
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What is obedience? |
Occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority or the rules or laws of our society |
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What was Milgram’s experiment on obedience? |
how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. The psychologist Stanley Milgram created an electric ‘shock generator’ with 30 switches. The switch was marked clearly in 15 volt increments, ranging from 15 to 450 volts. 40 males were recruited, They thought they were going to participate in an experiment about memory and learning. In the test, each participant was informed clearly that their payment was for showing up, and they could keep the payment no matter what happens after they arrived. Next, the participant met an experimenter, and another person told to be another participant. The other participant was in fact acting as a participant. The two participants drew slips of paper to indicate who was going to be a ‘teacher’ and who was going to be a ‘learner’. It was in fact a set-up, and the real subject would always get the role of ‘the teacher’. The teacher saw that the learner was strapped to a chair and electrodes were attached. The participant was then seated in another room in front of the shock generator, unable to see the learner. The subject was instructed to teach word-pairs to the learner. When the learner made a mistake, the subject was instructed to punish the learner by giving him a shock, 15 volts higher for each mistake. |
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What were the results? |
many subjects showed signs of tension. 3 subjects had full-blown, uncontrollable seizures.all 40 subjects obeyed up to 300 volts.65 % never stopped giving shocks. None stopped when the learner said he had heart-trouble We now believe that it has to do with our almost innate behavior that we should do as told, especially from authority persons. |
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What can influence obedience? |
Social Proximity Legitimacy of authority figures Group pressure |
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What is conformity? |
The tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feeling and behaviours in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular group, or how a person should behave in a particular situation. (social norms) |
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What was Asch’s experiment on Conformity? |
the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. 50 male students participated in a vision test, using a line judgment task. Each person in the room had to state aloud which comparison line (A, B or C) was most like the target line. The answer was always obvious. If the participant gave an incorrect answer it would be clear that this was due to group pressure, he would just conform to what everyone else was picking. |
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What did the results show? |
On average, about one third (32%) of the participants who were placed in this situation went along and conformed with the clearly incorrect majority. because they want to fit in with the group (normative influence) and because they believe the group is better informed than they are (informational influence). |
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What are Factors affecting conformity |
Group size Unanimity - agreed by all people involved Informational influence - assume the actions of others Normative influence - unwritten rules about social behaviour Culture - Social loafing- less effort in group than alone |
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section c |
Write a discussion section Write about the limitations and evaluate the research design used/suggest new ones Write the hypothesis and methods of a report Design an investigation |
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What is Prosocial behaviour |
Everyday acts of helping that can come at a cost to the helper eg. volunteering: as it helps other but costs the helper their time. |
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When is behaviours considered prosocial? |
It is intensional It helps or benefits others |
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The case of Kitty Genovese |
Kitty screamed “he stabbed me! Please help me! I’m dying!” woke 38 neighbours, attacker continues for 35 minutes then ran away leaving her to die on the pavement, no one came to help her, only 1 person called the police. |
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Factors that influence prosocial behaviour |
Situational factors Social factors Personal factors |
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What are Situational Factors |
Noticing the situation Interpreting the situation not ambiguous Taking responsibility |
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What are Social factors |
Standards that govern what people should and shouldn’t do in certain situations are known as social norms Two of these norms that influence our helping behaviour are reciprocity norm and the social responsibility norm |
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What is the Reciprocity Norm? |
Based on an unwritten rule that you should give what we receive or what we expect to receive. An expectation if someone does something for you, you expect the same back. |
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What is the social responsibility norm? |
Help those who need help because it’s our responsibility to do so. Eg helping someone with directions because they need to know. Personal factors: empathy, mood and competence |
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What is altruism? |
It is a prosocial behaviour that is focused on the wellbeing and benefit of others with no thought of personal gain or reward. |
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Reluctance to help, Diffusion of responsibility |
The belief that when others are present to give help, they should take the responsibility |
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What is Reluctance to help, Audience inhibition |
when there are others at the scene, it can inhibit an individual from helping. People can be influenced by the behaviour of others |
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What is Reluctance to help, cost-benefit analysis |
In making a decision we often weigh up the cost and benefit. |
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What is Bullying? |
A repeated physical or psychological aggressive behaviour by a person or group directed towards a less powerful person or group that is intended to cause harm/fear/distress 3 main characteristics: An imbalance of power, intensional, repeated |
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What are the types of bullying? |
Physical bullying Verbal bullying Covert bullying (hidden or out of sight) Cyberbullying |
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Key differences between cyberbullying and bullying |
Cyberbullying is invasive Cyberbullying can involve an audience Cyberbullies can have a sense of anonymity |
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Cause of bullying, Frustration-aggression hypothesis: |
parents of bullies are inconsistent with discipline |
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Cause of bullying, Dysfunctional family: |
bullies tend to think of their families as though Can’t express opinions Don’t work together to achieve goals not there when they are sad. |
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the end |
wew |
