More Cytology Week 3

Front 1

Water enters a cell in what process?

Back 1

Osmosis

Front 2

What happens when the sodium/potassium pump moves more sodium out than lets potassium in?

Back 2

Osmotic pressure reduced

Front 3

In the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, what does the 3 and 4 refer to?

Back 3

The number of Iodines in the molecule.

Front 4

What is the other name for T4?

Back 4

Thyroxine

Front 5

What is the other name for T3?

Back 5

Triiodothyrodine

Front 6

These increase the surface area on the sides of cells in gut lumen and kidney filtrate-

Back 6

Microvilli

Front 7

When Na+ is being actively pumped out of a cell, what ion is moving passivley into the cell?

Back 7

Cl-

Front 8

What uses the sodium gradient to move glucose and amino acids into cells?

Back 8

Co-transport

Front 9

How does glucose enter gut cells and is removed from renal tubules?

Back 9

Co-transport

Front 10

Too much glucose in the blood causes hyperglycemia and what other condition?

Back 10

Glycosuria

Front 11

What would happen if the Na+/K+ pump stopped pumping out the extra Na+?

Back 11

Cytoplasm would become hypertonic

Front 12

What are the 5 things that the Na+/K+ pump make possible?

Back 12

Co-transport, depolarization waves, counter- transport, osmosis, prevents cellular swelling

Front 13

Sodium is actively transported from cell cytoplasm to where?

Back 13

Interstitial space

Front 14

Sodium in the gut or renal tubules can only enter a cell if it brings what "buddy?"

Back 14

Glucose molecule

Front 15

What is the zone around cells that make it so water can only pass the cells by passing through the cytoplasm?

Back 15

Tight junction

Front 16

Where cells are "sewn" together with protein fibers-

Back 16

Desmosome

Front 17

Des means what?

Back 17

"Tie"

Front 18

What are some examples of tissues where desmosomes are found?

Back 18

Heart muscle cells, skin cells, cells at the neck of the uterus

Front 19

Desmosomes exist as what 3 types?

Back 19

Spot desmosomes, belt desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes

Front 20

What form of desmosome is found between a cell and its underlying basement membrane?

Back 20

Hemidesmosome

Front 21

What are the small tunnels between cells through which molecules can pass?

Back 21

Gap Junctions

Front 22

About how big are gap junctions?

Back 22

15-20 Angstroms

Front 23

What types of molecules can pass through gap junctions?

Back 23

Salt ions, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins

Front 24

Can starch and proteins pass through gap junctions?

Back 24

No

Front 25

Gap junctions are located between cells in what two types of muscle?

Back 25

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Front 26

Gap junctions allow virtually free movement of ions which allows adjacent cells to do what simultaneously?

Back 26

Become depolarized

Front 27

What are the protein factories of cells?

Back 27

Ribosomes

Front 28

About what size is a ribosome?

Back 28

15-20nm

Front 29

What is the primary part of a ribosome?

Back 29

rRNA

Front 30

What type of ribosomes are about half rRNA by weight?

Back 30

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Front 31

What type eukaryotic ribosome consists of 1 rRNA unit and 33 proteins?

Back 31

Small unit

Front 32

What unit of molecular measurement is represented by an (s)?

Back 32

Svedberg units

Front 33

What is a unit of measure of molecular size based on a rate of sedimentation during ultracentrifugation?

Back 33

Svedberg unit

Front 34

Which unit is a 40s unit?

Back 34

Small unit

Front 35

Which eukaryotic ribosome consists of 3 rRNA molecules and 40 proteins?

Back 35

Large units

Front 36

Long chain of ribosomes that are synthesizing different copies of the same protein on a single mRNA-

Back 36

Polyribosomes

Front 37

What part of the cell may contain over 50% of all the membrane within the cell?

Back 37

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

Which type of ER is granular?

Back 38

Rough ER

Front 39

What gives rough ER the "rough" appearance?

Back 39

Covered with ribosomes on the cytoplasm side

Front 40

rough ER is found in all cells except which two types?

Back 40

Sperm and erythrocytes

Front 41

Is Smooth ER more tubule shaped, or more sheet like?

Back 41

Tubule shaped

Front 42

Where is Smooth ER common?

Back 42

In hepatocytes (liver cells)

Front 43

What are the stacks of membrane vesicles with swarms of vesicles around its perimeter?

Back 43

Cisternae

Front 44

What cellular organelle's function is to take proteins from ER and modify them for secretion?

Back 44

Golgi Apparatus

Front 45

Which organelle goes around and phagocytizes damaged organelles?

Back 45

Lysosomes

Front 46

Currently, how many different types of enzymes have been identified in lysosomes?

Back 46

40

Front 47

Why is the pH inside a lysosome so acidic?

Back 47

Because of the proton pumps

Front 48

What is Smooth ER called in muscle?

Back 48

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 49

Which type of cellular vesicles secrete stuff from the cell out into the interstitial space?

Back 49

Exocytotic vesicles

Front 50

Which type of vesicles excrete stuff into cells from interstitial space?

Back 50

Endocytotic vesicles

Front 51

What evolved as organelles that removed toxic O2 from cells?

Back 51

Peroxisomes

Front 52

What organelle now executes the task of removing toxic O2 from cells?

Back 52

Mitochondria

Front 53

Peroxisomes are similar to what other organelle?

Back 53

Lysosomes

Front 54

What type of enzymes produced by peroxisomes produce and eliminate hydrogen peroxide?

Back 54

Oxidative enzymes

Front 55

What is an ion or molecule that has unpaired electrons in its outermost layer known as?

Back 55

Free radical

Front 56

What is the name for the free radical created when an oxygen molecule only accepts 1 electron?

Back 56

Superoxide radical

Front 57

What chemical can be broken down into water and non-radical oxygen?

Back 57

H2O2

Front 58

What is the chemical name for H2O2?

Back 58

Hydrogen peroxide

Front 59

What organelle is known as the "powerhouse" of a cell?

Back 59

Mitochondria

Front 60

What is the name for the process that places a third phosphate on ADP to make it ATP?

Back 60

Oxydative phosphorylation

Front 61

All biochemistry that occurs in the Kreb's cycle and ETS occurs where?

Back 61

Inside mitochondria

Front 62

Which membrane in the mitochondria has porins and is very permeable?

Back 62

Outer membrane

Front 63

Inner membrane of mitochondria has a large surface area because of what folded inwardly?

Back 63

Cristae

Front 64

What is the inner content within the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Back 64

Matrix

Front 65

What is contained within the matrix?

Back 65

Enzymes

Front 66

what organelle contains, maintains, and organizes the cell's DNA?

Back 66

Nucleus

Front 67

Whre can nucleoli be found?

Back 67

In the nucleus

Front 68

Where is rRNA made?

Back 68

In the nucleoli