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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
diabetes
- type 2 can be controlled through diet and oral medications
-insulin is produced in the islet cells of langerhan
-increases infections risk
-insulin is involved in transferring glucose into muscles and fat cells
-most use oral medication
pulmonary edema is often a sign of
left side heart failure
epiglottis
valve that closes over the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea
which heart chamber has the thickest walls
left ventricle
angina pectoris (chest pain) may be relieved by
rest or nitroglyerin
myocardial infarction happens in what chamber
left ventricle
when left ventricle contracts, which one of the following valves open
mitral
pituitary gland is located
base of brain in the sella turcica
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
the most common heart valve abnormality. symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, anxiety.

When the flaps of the mitral valve become "floppy"

occurs in 5% of population

is more common in women

results in increased risk for infective endocarditis (given antibiotic)

most pts have no symptoms and require no treatment
pleurisy
a painful inflammation of the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs)
risk factors for infective endocarditis (is inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart caused by an infectious agent)
- previous use of phen/fen
- mitral valve prolapse
- prosthetic heart valves
-rheumatic heart disease
acromegaly
long-term condition in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time.

caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland

most commonly affects adults in middle age and can result in severe disfigurement
emphysema
characterized by enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles causing SOB

caused by smoking

characterized by coughing and wheezing

diagnosed with chest xray or CT
pulmonary vein
blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)
congestive heart failure
heart no longer able to eject the blood delivered to it from the venous system
the stimulus for respiration is controlled by
amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
cushing's syndrome
occurs when body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for long periods of time

most common cause is the use of oral corticosteroid medication

results from hyperfunction of the adrenal gland

characterized by delayed wound healing

characterized by "buffalo hump" (a fatty hump between your shoulders), rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on skin
hyperthyroidism
nervousness, tachycarrdia, heat intolerance, hypertension
uppermost limit a patient could have before you refer member to doctor for consultation
140/90
normal pulse rate for adults
60-100 bpm
subjective symptoms
the symptoms that are reported by a patient
term used to describe rapid beating of the heart
tachycardia and palpitation
considered normal blood sugar levels

when is blood glucose levels lowest
below 100

just before meals, around 70-80
degree of subscapular

contraindicated exercises
45 degrees

ex that can be dangerous
relative strength

absolute strength
strength in relation to your weight

max amount of force your muscles are capable of in one single contraction
hypertrophy phase


plethysmography
high volume and short rest periods


test used to measure changes in volume in different parts of the body
ankle edema
occurs in a person with nephyritic syndrome, severe heart failure or hepatic cirrhosis
BMI calculation
(LBs X 703) / (inches)2
what forms needed for client initial client screening
PAR-Q (questionnaire)
risk factors/stratifications
medical history
informed consent
SMART
specific
measurable
attainable
realistic
timely
general recommendations for frequency resistance training
2-3 days
how long should stretch be held
15-60 seconds
what should be considered for fitness test
validity
reliable
reasonably inexpensive
ease to administer
what are some common cardio exercise tests
YMCA
astrand-rhyming
rockport walk test
george 1.5 mile run
order of fitness testing
resting HR
resting BP
body comp
cardiovascular fitness
muscular strength/endurance
muscular flexibility
diabetics should be concerned if blood sugar is less than
70
body's metabolic response to resistance training
uses phosphagens, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

-During this time, the body uses more gylcogen than at rest

-during this time, the larger muscles store more glycogen and fewer lipids

-done at moderate intensity causes the body to build more capillaries to deliver more blood to the muscles

-this can also lower the density of mitochondria, although reseachers are at this time uncertain as to the cause and the overall effects of this change
hormone response to resistance training
has an effect on the body's neuroendocrine system

the neuroendocrine system is responsible for the production of the hormones that act as chemical communicators int he body

The nervous system triggers glands to produce and secrete hormones, which then act on specific tissues in the body

resistance training can affect the production levels of a number of different hormones (testosterone, human growth hormone, insulin like growth factor, cortisol).

in men, resistance training leads to a spike in testosterone levels that lasts for a short time after exercise

resistance training also causes a temporary spike in human growth hormone - this change is seen in both men and women.

insulin-like growth factor also increases, but the spike is less pronounced

medical researchers theorize that resistance training will lower cortisol levels over the long term (not a lot of research available)
resistance training on cardiovascular system
forces body to move small amounts of blood at a very high pressure (causing body to adapt and improve).

during intense resistance training, blood pressure goes up and so does HR

During rest, an individual who does regular resistance training will have lower blood pressure and HR (a sign of improved cardiorespiratory health)

resistance training might also increase the maximal oxygen capacity and improve the lipid profile

resistance training helps the body to regulate blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity, both of which can help to manage or prevent diabetes
a primary goal of cardio training
to improve ones overall cardiac and respiratory endurance

The best exercises continuously work the large muscle groups throughout the session and use aerobic metabolism for the activity

Some of the best activities are walking, cycling, swimming, dancing, jogging
For patients who have been sedentary, it is best to start off with exercises that
are careful to control intensity.

this will help prevent injuries

(ex: cardio machines like treadmills, stationary bikes)

to keep improving health, patients should do cardio 3 - 5 times a week.

beginners should start a 3 times a week and build up to more sessions

sessions should last between 20-60 minutes, but beginners may need to build up to that
a healthy weight loss plan
eliminates 250 calories each day resulting in a pound of weight loss each week

(can decrease by 250 calories by eating 250 calories less or by burning 250 more calories each day)
early symptoms for a heart attack for men and women
very different symptoms for both men and women

very important to teach people with cardiovascular disease the traditional early warning signs and non-traditional

traditional symptoms: chest pain, extreme breathlessness, and pain or tingling in the left hand or arm or in the jaw

women symptoms: nausea with pain in the back and neck (also saying "something is wrong and I cant pinpoint it")
physical activity


physical fitness
the medical definition is an activity that requires bodily movement and burns more calories then rest


refers to physical abilities built through training that enable a person to perform physical activities better. Some of the components of physical fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, agility, and strength
relative risk
in research studies, researchers often look at how a persons risk changes in comparison with the risks of a control group. For example, when a person begins a fitness program, her risk of heart disease falls relative to that of person who is not participating in a fitness program
forms of tachydysrhythmia
1. a sinus tachycardia
2. atrial fibrillation
3. atrial flutter

(other forms: atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atricoventricular re-entrant tachycardia, etc)
a sinus tachycardia
occurs when the sinus rhythm exceeds 100 beats per minute

this usually occurs in response to heightened activity in the nervous system

fear, exercise, and illness can all cause this
atrial fibrillation
occurs when the atria do not contract in an orderly way.

lowers cardiac output and can reduce physical performance
atrial flutter
occurs when the contractions of the atria are small and very quick instead of a single normal contraction

it has many of the same effects as atrial fibrillation
importance of maximal oxygen consumption to physical fitness
those with heart disease, who engage in regular exercise are less likely to die from this condition. one reason is the effect that exercise has on maximal oxygen consumption

inactive people experience a steady decline in the ability to move oxygen into the body. lower oxygen levels in th ebody make physical activities more difficult.

this creates a vicious cycle that perpetuates inactivity and further reduces oxygen capacity. By gradually increasing activity levels, an individual can gradually increase oxygen capacity, which will improve physical fitness and is a sign of a stronger, healthier heart
women vs men
women do have a lower oxygen capacity than men

women have higher levels of essential body fat

women have lower stroke volume
most common disorders concerning heart fuction
sinus node dysfunction

sinus bradycardia (the trigger from the sinus node that causes the heart to beat happens less than 60 times a minute) - can be okay with well-trained people but if not, this is a problem with sinus node

atrioventricular node - accompanied by a heart condition or is caused by a medication that is affecting function

bundle branch block: become diseased or affected by other conditions or by medications. When this happens the contraction of the heart does not travel through the heart in the normal way
how body response to resistance training
1. recruitment rate of the motor units within muscles increase. So does firing rate. When this increases, the rate of force development in the muscles also increase. Resistance training also improves the coordination of motor unit firing. This means the muscles are more capable of engaging in complex and ballistic movements. Resistance training may also increase the length and dispersion of neuromuscular junctions
firing rate
process by which the brain signals a muscle to contract
benefits of exercise on heart health
Improves: Hr, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow, rate pressure, pulmonary function, pulmonary capacity, etc.

Increases: stamina, heart rate and stroke volume of the heart,.

exercise increases overall oxygen capacity meaning that you end up using less oxygen during exercise and able to access more oxygen during rest and exercise. Puts less stress overall on cardiovascular system
resistance training on muscles
-increase size of muscle fibers
-increase # of muscle fibers
-increase cross-section of the muscle
-causes small tears in the muscles - body repairs and improves muscle
-alters contractile proteins (when active, signals body to make more of them)
-can alter the shape of the muscle and how it connects to the tendon
exercise prescription 3 steps
1. exercise specialist must assess the patient, gathering health and fitness information through a medical history, physical exam, and exercise testing if necessary

2. specialist must review the information and interpret the results.

3. Using interpretation, the exercise specialist will put together a prescription that meets the patients health needs, takes into account special circumstances, and considers the patients goals.

the prescription includes recommendations for mode, frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise, as well as the precautions the patient should take to prevent injury. Also should help patient make future plans
goals of exercise program for pulmonary disease patients
- improve function of pulmonary system
- make breathing easier
- bringing the blood-gas exchange to normal levels

(longer term)
- improve patients sense of well-being
- lowering the expenses of care
- increase the patients lifespan

**strategy that works well:
-increase the level of intensity slightly every 5th session. Also increase when patient can maintain a submaximal target heart rate for at least 20 minutes

**also make sure to teach proper breathing and energy conservation techniques
how exercise intensity is measured
usually determined using a percentage of maximal HR or a percentage of maximal oxygen capacity

When using HR, patient should aim to workout at 55 to 90% of their maximum HR.

Sedentary individuals may need to work up to these ranges

It is best to provide the patient with a target workout range such as 60-70% of Max HR
examples of supervision during workout
depends on patients risk of death or injury during workout

nurse, exercise specialist, or physical therapist might supervise.

need to be there to show proper technique and to answer any questions and to also administer any emergency aid if necessary
renal failure patients
improving exercise capacity may or may not be realistic goal depending on number of complications.

maintaining exercise capacity is usually possible and should be considered a good outcome

decreasing oxygen capacity and exercise capacity can lead to a loss of independence

by maintaining these capacities, the patient will enjoy more independence and a better quality of life for a longer time

should have a comprehensive ex program that includes flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular exercise

if on dialysis should be encouraged to do higher intensity workouts on non-dialysis days and easier workouts on the days they do have dialysis
diabetics and risks
-at risk of nerve damage. This damage can affect the autonomic systems of the body such as heart rate and blood pressure.

patients with autonomic neuropathy are more prone to dehydration and cold stress. They may experience abnormal blood pressure and heart rate during exercise session. Make sure to talk about hydration and proper clothing with patient.
**make patient use "perceived exertion scale" instead of relying on target HR when exercising

Nerve damage affects the feet. When dealing with a patient with peripheral neurpathy, discuss the importance of good hygiene for the feet - they should be kept warm and dry. Encourage the use of good footwear.

**steer patient towards non-weight-bearing exercises

The eyes are also affected. In patients with retinopathy, exercise that involvues a lot of bending or lifting over the head should be avoided. Discuss limitiations and recommendations with an ophthalmologist
cox-1 and cox-2
cyclo-oxygenase is a type of enzyme. It comes in two forms.

the body uses the cox-1 enzygem in fuctions critical to the stomach, kidney, and formation of platelets in the blood.

the body uses the cox-2 in formation of prostaglandin, a compound that contributes to inflammation in the system
cytokines
the body uses these small proteins to help regulate the immune system
fibromyalgia:
this condition is a form of arthritis. it results in widespread pain throughout the body, often focused in specific tender points
osteoarthritis
this one of the most common forms of arthritis.

it is characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage, resulting in pain in the affected joint
rheumatoid arthritis
this is one of the most debilitating forms of arthritis. it is characterized by an autoimmune response in the body that results in inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joints
glomerular filtration rate study
this is a test in which a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the blood stream and then traced to determine how completely the kidneys are able to filter toxins and waste products from the blood
glomerulonephritis
in some cases, the gloeruli of the kidney become inflamed. the condition can be treated and reversed. if left to process, it can damage the kidneys and lead to chronic renal failure
hemodialysis
in this form of dialysis, the blood is diverted through special filters to be cleaned and then returned to the body
peritoneal dialysis
the peritoneal membrane within the abdomen is somewhat permeable and can be used to filter toxins from the blood
pyelonephritis
this refers to an infection of the kidneys that usually spreads to the kidneys from the bladder