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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
diabetes
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- type 2 can be controlled through diet and oral medications
-insulin is produced in the islet cells of langerhan -increases infections risk -insulin is involved in transferring glucose into muscles and fat cells -most use oral medication |
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pulmonary edema is often a sign of
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left side heart failure
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epiglottis
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valve that closes over the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea
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which heart chamber has the thickest walls
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left ventricle
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angina pectoris (chest pain) may be relieved by
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rest or nitroglyerin
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myocardial infarction happens in what chamber
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left ventricle
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when left ventricle contracts, which one of the following valves open
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mitral
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pituitary gland is located
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base of brain in the sella turcica
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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the most common heart valve abnormality. symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, anxiety.
When the flaps of the mitral valve become "floppy" occurs in 5% of population is more common in women results in increased risk for infective endocarditis (given antibiotic) most pts have no symptoms and require no treatment |
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pleurisy
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a painful inflammation of the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs)
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risk factors for infective endocarditis (is inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart caused by an infectious agent)
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- previous use of phen/fen
- mitral valve prolapse - prosthetic heart valves -rheumatic heart disease |
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acromegaly
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long-term condition in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time.
caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland most commonly affects adults in middle age and can result in severe disfigurement |
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emphysema
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characterized by enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles causing SOB
caused by smoking characterized by coughing and wheezing diagnosed with chest xray or CT |
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pulmonary vein
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blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)
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congestive heart failure
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heart no longer able to eject the blood delivered to it from the venous system
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the stimulus for respiration is controlled by
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amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
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cushing's syndrome
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occurs when body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for long periods of time
most common cause is the use of oral corticosteroid medication results from hyperfunction of the adrenal gland characterized by delayed wound healing characterized by "buffalo hump" (a fatty hump between your shoulders), rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on skin |
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hyperthyroidism
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nervousness, tachycarrdia, heat intolerance, hypertension
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uppermost limit a patient could have before you refer member to doctor for consultation
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140/90
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normal pulse rate for adults
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60-100 bpm
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subjective symptoms
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the symptoms that are reported by a patient
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term used to describe rapid beating of the heart
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tachycardia and palpitation
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considered normal blood sugar levels
when is blood glucose levels lowest |
below 100
just before meals, around 70-80 |
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degree of subscapular
contraindicated exercises |
45 degrees
ex that can be dangerous |
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relative strength
absolute strength |
strength in relation to your weight
max amount of force your muscles are capable of in one single contraction |
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hypertrophy phase
plethysmography |
high volume and short rest periods
test used to measure changes in volume in different parts of the body |
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ankle edema
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occurs in a person with nephyritic syndrome, severe heart failure or hepatic cirrhosis
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BMI calculation
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(LBs X 703) / (inches)2
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what forms needed for client initial client screening
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PAR-Q (questionnaire)
risk factors/stratifications medical history informed consent |
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SMART
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specific
measurable attainable realistic timely |
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general recommendations for frequency resistance training
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2-3 days
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how long should stretch be held
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15-60 seconds
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what should be considered for fitness test
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validity
reliable reasonably inexpensive ease to administer |
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what are some common cardio exercise tests
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YMCA
astrand-rhyming rockport walk test george 1.5 mile run |
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order of fitness testing
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resting HR
resting BP body comp cardiovascular fitness muscular strength/endurance muscular flexibility |
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diabetics should be concerned if blood sugar is less than
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70
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body's metabolic response to resistance training
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uses phosphagens, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
-During this time, the body uses more gylcogen than at rest -during this time, the larger muscles store more glycogen and fewer lipids -done at moderate intensity causes the body to build more capillaries to deliver more blood to the muscles -this can also lower the density of mitochondria, although reseachers are at this time uncertain as to the cause and the overall effects of this change |
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hormone response to resistance training
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has an effect on the body's neuroendocrine system
the neuroendocrine system is responsible for the production of the hormones that act as chemical communicators int he body The nervous system triggers glands to produce and secrete hormones, which then act on specific tissues in the body resistance training can affect the production levels of a number of different hormones (testosterone, human growth hormone, insulin like growth factor, cortisol). in men, resistance training leads to a spike in testosterone levels that lasts for a short time after exercise resistance training also causes a temporary spike in human growth hormone - this change is seen in both men and women. insulin-like growth factor also increases, but the spike is less pronounced medical researchers theorize that resistance training will lower cortisol levels over the long term (not a lot of research available) |
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resistance training on cardiovascular system
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forces body to move small amounts of blood at a very high pressure (causing body to adapt and improve).
during intense resistance training, blood pressure goes up and so does HR During rest, an individual who does regular resistance training will have lower blood pressure and HR (a sign of improved cardiorespiratory health) resistance training might also increase the maximal oxygen capacity and improve the lipid profile resistance training helps the body to regulate blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity, both of which can help to manage or prevent diabetes |
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a primary goal of cardio training
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to improve ones overall cardiac and respiratory endurance
The best exercises continuously work the large muscle groups throughout the session and use aerobic metabolism for the activity Some of the best activities are walking, cycling, swimming, dancing, jogging |
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For patients who have been sedentary, it is best to start off with exercises that
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are careful to control intensity.
this will help prevent injuries (ex: cardio machines like treadmills, stationary bikes) to keep improving health, patients should do cardio 3 - 5 times a week. beginners should start a 3 times a week and build up to more sessions sessions should last between 20-60 minutes, but beginners may need to build up to that |
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a healthy weight loss plan
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eliminates 250 calories each day resulting in a pound of weight loss each week
(can decrease by 250 calories by eating 250 calories less or by burning 250 more calories each day) |
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early symptoms for a heart attack for men and women
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very different symptoms for both men and women
very important to teach people with cardiovascular disease the traditional early warning signs and non-traditional traditional symptoms: chest pain, extreme breathlessness, and pain or tingling in the left hand or arm or in the jaw women symptoms: nausea with pain in the back and neck (also saying "something is wrong and I cant pinpoint it") |
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physical activity
physical fitness |
the medical definition is an activity that requires bodily movement and burns more calories then rest
refers to physical abilities built through training that enable a person to perform physical activities better. Some of the components of physical fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, agility, and strength |
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relative risk
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in research studies, researchers often look at how a persons risk changes in comparison with the risks of a control group. For example, when a person begins a fitness program, her risk of heart disease falls relative to that of person who is not participating in a fitness program
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forms of tachydysrhythmia
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1. a sinus tachycardia
2. atrial fibrillation 3. atrial flutter (other forms: atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atricoventricular re-entrant tachycardia, etc) |
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a sinus tachycardia
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occurs when the sinus rhythm exceeds 100 beats per minute
this usually occurs in response to heightened activity in the nervous system fear, exercise, and illness can all cause this |
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atrial fibrillation
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occurs when the atria do not contract in an orderly way.
lowers cardiac output and can reduce physical performance |
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atrial flutter
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occurs when the contractions of the atria are small and very quick instead of a single normal contraction
it has many of the same effects as atrial fibrillation |
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importance of maximal oxygen consumption to physical fitness
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those with heart disease, who engage in regular exercise are less likely to die from this condition. one reason is the effect that exercise has on maximal oxygen consumption
inactive people experience a steady decline in the ability to move oxygen into the body. lower oxygen levels in th ebody make physical activities more difficult. this creates a vicious cycle that perpetuates inactivity and further reduces oxygen capacity. By gradually increasing activity levels, an individual can gradually increase oxygen capacity, which will improve physical fitness and is a sign of a stronger, healthier heart |
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women vs men
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women do have a lower oxygen capacity than men
women have higher levels of essential body fat women have lower stroke volume |
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most common disorders concerning heart fuction
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sinus node dysfunction
sinus bradycardia (the trigger from the sinus node that causes the heart to beat happens less than 60 times a minute) - can be okay with well-trained people but if not, this is a problem with sinus node atrioventricular node - accompanied by a heart condition or is caused by a medication that is affecting function bundle branch block: become diseased or affected by other conditions or by medications. When this happens the contraction of the heart does not travel through the heart in the normal way |
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how body response to resistance training
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1. recruitment rate of the motor units within muscles increase. So does firing rate. When this increases, the rate of force development in the muscles also increase. Resistance training also improves the coordination of motor unit firing. This means the muscles are more capable of engaging in complex and ballistic movements. Resistance training may also increase the length and dispersion of neuromuscular junctions
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firing rate
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process by which the brain signals a muscle to contract
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benefits of exercise on heart health
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Improves: Hr, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow, rate pressure, pulmonary function, pulmonary capacity, etc.
Increases: stamina, heart rate and stroke volume of the heart,. exercise increases overall oxygen capacity meaning that you end up using less oxygen during exercise and able to access more oxygen during rest and exercise. Puts less stress overall on cardiovascular system |
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resistance training on muscles
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-increase size of muscle fibers
-increase # of muscle fibers -increase cross-section of the muscle -causes small tears in the muscles - body repairs and improves muscle -alters contractile proteins (when active, signals body to make more of them) -can alter the shape of the muscle and how it connects to the tendon |
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exercise prescription 3 steps
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1. exercise specialist must assess the patient, gathering health and fitness information through a medical history, physical exam, and exercise testing if necessary
2. specialist must review the information and interpret the results. 3. Using interpretation, the exercise specialist will put together a prescription that meets the patients health needs, takes into account special circumstances, and considers the patients goals. the prescription includes recommendations for mode, frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise, as well as the precautions the patient should take to prevent injury. Also should help patient make future plans |
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goals of exercise program for pulmonary disease patients
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- improve function of pulmonary system
- make breathing easier - bringing the blood-gas exchange to normal levels (longer term) - improve patients sense of well-being - lowering the expenses of care - increase the patients lifespan **strategy that works well: -increase the level of intensity slightly every 5th session. Also increase when patient can maintain a submaximal target heart rate for at least 20 minutes **also make sure to teach proper breathing and energy conservation techniques |
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how exercise intensity is measured
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usually determined using a percentage of maximal HR or a percentage of maximal oxygen capacity
When using HR, patient should aim to workout at 55 to 90% of their maximum HR. Sedentary individuals may need to work up to these ranges It is best to provide the patient with a target workout range such as 60-70% of Max HR |
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examples of supervision during workout
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depends on patients risk of death or injury during workout
nurse, exercise specialist, or physical therapist might supervise. need to be there to show proper technique and to answer any questions and to also administer any emergency aid if necessary |
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renal failure patients
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improving exercise capacity may or may not be realistic goal depending on number of complications.
maintaining exercise capacity is usually possible and should be considered a good outcome decreasing oxygen capacity and exercise capacity can lead to a loss of independence by maintaining these capacities, the patient will enjoy more independence and a better quality of life for a longer time should have a comprehensive ex program that includes flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular exercise if on dialysis should be encouraged to do higher intensity workouts on non-dialysis days and easier workouts on the days they do have dialysis |
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diabetics and risks
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-at risk of nerve damage. This damage can affect the autonomic systems of the body such as heart rate and blood pressure.
patients with autonomic neuropathy are more prone to dehydration and cold stress. They may experience abnormal blood pressure and heart rate during exercise session. Make sure to talk about hydration and proper clothing with patient. **make patient use "perceived exertion scale" instead of relying on target HR when exercising Nerve damage affects the feet. When dealing with a patient with peripheral neurpathy, discuss the importance of good hygiene for the feet - they should be kept warm and dry. Encourage the use of good footwear. **steer patient towards non-weight-bearing exercises The eyes are also affected. In patients with retinopathy, exercise that involvues a lot of bending or lifting over the head should be avoided. Discuss limitiations and recommendations with an ophthalmologist |
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cox-1 and cox-2
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cyclo-oxygenase is a type of enzyme. It comes in two forms.
the body uses the cox-1 enzygem in fuctions critical to the stomach, kidney, and formation of platelets in the blood. the body uses the cox-2 in formation of prostaglandin, a compound that contributes to inflammation in the system |
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cytokines
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the body uses these small proteins to help regulate the immune system
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fibromyalgia:
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this condition is a form of arthritis. it results in widespread pain throughout the body, often focused in specific tender points
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osteoarthritis
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this one of the most common forms of arthritis.
it is characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage, resulting in pain in the affected joint |
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rheumatoid arthritis
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this is one of the most debilitating forms of arthritis. it is characterized by an autoimmune response in the body that results in inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joints
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glomerular filtration rate study
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this is a test in which a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the blood stream and then traced to determine how completely the kidneys are able to filter toxins and waste products from the blood
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glomerulonephritis
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in some cases, the gloeruli of the kidney become inflamed. the condition can be treated and reversed. if left to process, it can damage the kidneys and lead to chronic renal failure
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hemodialysis
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in this form of dialysis, the blood is diverted through special filters to be cleaned and then returned to the body
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peritoneal dialysis
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the peritoneal membrane within the abdomen is somewhat permeable and can be used to filter toxins from the blood
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pyelonephritis
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this refers to an infection of the kidneys that usually spreads to the kidneys from the bladder
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