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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are carbohydrates defined structurally?
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Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones
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What is a protein?
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A polymer of amino acids.
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Sucrose is a ____?
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disaccharide
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What is the structure of an amino acid?
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An alpha-carbon attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a variable R group.
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How do amino acids bond?
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Peptide Bonds
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Starch and glycogen are ____?
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polysaccharides
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What is a complex carbohydrate?
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A polymer of monosaccharides.
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What are the two structures commonly taken by monosaccharides?
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Linear and cyclic
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How do monosaccharides bond to each other?
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Via glycosidic/acetal bonds by alpha-1,6 or alpha-1.4 linkage
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What s(x) of carb's does equilibrium lie toward?
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Cyclic
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How are lipids classified according to solubility?
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Amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
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Saturated fatty acids are (bent, straight) in shape.
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straight (no double bonds)
Non-saturated = bent (double bonds) |
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How are cyclic carb's fromed from the open chain carb's?
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intramolecular attack of the c-4 or c-5 hydroxyl group on the carbonyl group at c-1 or c-2
(Forms a hemiacetal: R-O-C-OH) |
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What are the components of a phophoglyceride and how are they linked?
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Two fatty acids, a phosphate, and an alcohol attached to a glycerol backbone. Linked by ester and phophoester bonds.
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How is an acetal (R-O-C-O-R') formed?
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By linkage of a hemiacetal (R-0-C-0H) and an alcohol via elim. of H2O
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What are triglycerides?
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3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.
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What are the purines?
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Adenine and Guanine (6-member ring attached to a 5-member ring)
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What are the pyrimidines?
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Cytosine and Thymine (6-membered rings)
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What are the noncovalent forces responsible for the interaction between A.A. side chains and other molecules?
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Ionic (electrostatic), hydrophobic, Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds
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What are the nonpolar, aliphatic (hydrophobic) A.A.'s
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Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Proline, Isoleucine
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What are the polar, uncharged A.A.'s
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Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine
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What are the aromatic A.A.'s and their pKa
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Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan (10)
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What are the positively charged A.A.'s
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Lysine (10.5), Arginine (12.5), Histidine (6.0)
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What are the negatively charged A.A.'s and their pKa
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Aspartate, Glutamate (4.0)
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What is Kp?
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Kp = water-oil partition coeff.
Kp=[Sw]/[So] Measure of hydropathy |
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If Kp>1, hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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hydrophilic
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What is delta G(oil-water)
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delta G(oil-water) = -1.36 log(Kp)
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If delta G(oil-water) is positive, hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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Hydrophobic = +
Hydrophilic = - Apathetic = 0 (gly, tyr, cys) |
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What are nucleic acids
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macromolecules made from ribonucleic or deoxyribonucleic building blocks
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What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
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1. A purine or pyrimidine base
2. A monosaccharide of ribose or deoxyribose 3. An inorganic phosphate |
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What is glycogen?
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A starch-like form of glucose.
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How many residues are in glycogen and what is the shape of glycogen?
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10,000-20,000; bush-like
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Where is glycogen located in the cell?
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Cytosol
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What are the biological roles of glycogen?
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1.Maintains blood gluc. levels
2.Provides quick energy for intense exercise |
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Give two examples of amphipathic molecules
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fatty acids
phophoglycerides |
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Describe the steroid nucleus
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3, 6-membered rings
1, 5-membered ring |
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Describe the sterol subclass of steroids
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Hydoxyl group on the A-ring, hydrocarbon tail on the D-ring
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What is the general structure of a purine?
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6-membered ring w/2 N's and 3 double bonds attached to a 5 member ring w/2 N's and 2 double bonds
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What is the general structure of a pyrimidine
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6 membered ring w/2 N's and 3 double bonds
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List the Contituent bases and nucleosides of DNA and RNA
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Base Nucleoside
Adenine Adenosine Guanine Guanosine Cytosine Cytidine Thymine Thymidine Uracil Uridine |
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What is a nucleoside?
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A nitrogenous base att. to a sugar w/o phosphate
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How are the bases and ribose/deoxyribose joined in a nucleotide?
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Via N-glycosidic linkage
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How are the sugar and phosphate groups joined in a nucleotide?
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Via phosphoester bonds
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What are the ring substituents of purines and pyrimidines?
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-NH2, =0, and CH3
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What are the functions of lipids?
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1. Provide energy
2. Form membrane s(x) comp's 3. Hormones (steroids) 4. Fat-soluble vitamins |
