Molecular Mechanisms Of Learning And Memory

Front 1

Nonassociative Learning

Back 1

The change in the behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus. 2 types, habituation and sensitization

Front 2

Habituation

Back 2

Learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning

Front 3

Sensitization

Back 3

Learning to intensify your response to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little/no reaction

Front 4

Classical Conditioning

Back 4

Associating a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that normally does not evoke a response

Front 5

Instrumental conditioning

Back 5

An individual learns to associate a response, a motor act, with a meaningful stimulus, typically a reward such as food.

Front 6

Purkinje Cells

Back 6

First layer of the cerebellar cortex. Dendrites extend only into molecular level. Synapse on neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei,, which are major output cells of the cerebellum.. Powerful position to modify the output of the cerebellum. Use GABA as a neurotransmitter, so their influence on cerebellar output is inhibitory.

Front 7

Inferior Olive

Back 7

Inut that contacts purkinje cells. Integrates information from muscleproprioceptors.

Front 8

Climbing fibers

Back 8

Axons from the inferior olive, because they twist around the purkinje cell dendrites like a vine on the branches of a tree.

Front 9

Mossy fibers

Back 9

Inputs from the pontine nuclei that relay information from the cerebral neocortex.

Front 10

Cerebellar granule cells

Back 10

Form a layer just below the Purkinje cells. Very small, very tightly packed, and very numerous. Give rise to axons that ascend into the molecular layer, where they branch. The direction that intersects the plane of the Purkinje cell dendrites at a right angle, like wires passing a telephone pole.

Front 11

Parallel Fiber

Back 11

Branch of cerebellar granule cell.

Front 12

Input specificity

Back 12

Only the active inputs show the synaptic plasticity

Front 13

Marr-Albus theory of motor learning

Back 13

Predicts plasticity of the parallel fiber synapse if it is active at the same time as the climbing fiber input to the = postsynaptic Purkinje Cell

Front 14

Hippocampal sheets

Back 14

Dentat gyrus and Ammon's Horn (4 divisions)

Front 15

Perforant Path

Back 15

Entorhinal cortex sends information to the hippocampus axons by way of this bundle of axons

Front 16

Schaffer collateral

Back 16

Other branch of the hippocampus forms synapses on the neurons of CA1.

Front 17

Tetanus

Back 17

Brief burst of high-frequency stimulation. Induces LTP and subsequent test stiumlation evokes and EPSP that is much greater than it was during the initial baseline test. Caused a modification of the stimulated synapses so they are more effective.

Front 18

Cooperativity

Back 18

2nd requirment for LTP. Coactive synapses must cooperate to to produce enough depolarization to cause LTP.

Front 19

BCM Theory

Back 19

An extension of Hebb's theory, designed to account for bidirectional regulation of synaptic strength. Synapses that are active when the postsynapatic cell is only weakly depolarized by other inputs will undergo LTD instead of LTP.

Front 20

Molecular Switch Hypothesis

Back 20

An autophosporylating kinase could store information at the synapse

Front 21

Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)

Back 21

Protein that binds to specific segments of DNA, called cyclic AMP response elements (CREs), and functions to regulate the expression of neighboring genes