Biology: Genetics And Microbiology

Front 1

1) Histones
2) Telomere
3) Centromere

Back 1

1) Help w/compact pacing & winding of DNA, DNA winds itself around octamers
2) The 2 repetitive ends on the chromosome that protect it from deterioration and fusion
3) Attaches sister chromatids, During mitosis, spindle fibers attach here and pull sister chromatids apart

Front 2

1) Do transcription factors have a DNA binding domain?
2) What are 2 common DNA binding domains?
3) What is angiogenesis?

Back 2

1) Yes, b/c they bind to DNA
2) Zinc finger, Leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix
3) Growth of new blood vessels

Front 3

1) What is a protooncogene?
2) What is a classic example of an oncogene?
3) Describe tumor suppressors
4) What is a classic example of a tumor suppressor gene?

Back 3

1) Gene that causes cancer when activated, becoming an oncogene - many oncogenes speed up cell division
2) src
3) They control or slow down cell division. If something causes this to malfunction, the cell becomes cancerous
4) p53

Front 4

What are 3 mRNA modifications that occur in the nucleus post-transcriptionally?

Back 4

1) Introns are excised, exons are joined together
2) Alternate splicing, different ways of cutting up exons and rejoining them to make different final RNA products
3) 5' cap and 3'PolyA tail added to protect the RNA from degradation so they can last longer

Front 5

1) What is a gene?
2) What is a locus?
3) What is an allele?

Back 5

1) A stretch of DNA that codes for a trait - gene codes for protein which brings about a trait
2) Location (of a gene) on a chromosome
3) A variant of a gene - all alleles of the same gene are at the same locus

Front 6

1) What does it mean to have multiple alleles? Ex?
2) What does it mean to be wild type?
3) Describe co-dominance in blood

Back 6

1) To have more that the normal 2 genes (one from mom, one from dad) - like blood: IA IB and i - more combinations are available
2) The "normal" allele or phenotype for an organism
3) Type A cells have A antigens, Type B have B antigens, and Type AB have both - there's no recessive; when combined, effects of both alleles are shown

Front 7

1) Describe incomplete dominance
2) Describe gene leakage
3) What is penetrance?
4) What is expressivity?

Back 7

1) The heterogenous genotype shows an in between phenotype
2) Gene flow from one species to another
3) The frequency that a gene will result in the phenotype
4) To what degree a penetrant gene is expressed

Front 8

1) Describe gene pool
2) How is meiosis beneficial?

Back 8

1) All of the alleles of the population
2) It introduces genetic variability by genetic recombination through independent assortment & crossing over

Front 9

What are 5 differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Back 9

1) Mitosis: no tetrad
Me: tetrad formation and cross over
2) Mi: Daughter cells are identical to parent
Me: Daughter cells different from parent
3) Mi: diploid (2n) daughter cells
Me: haploid (n) daughter cells
4) Mi: 1 division
Me: 2 divisions
5) Mi: 2 daughter cells
Me: 4 sperm cells or 1 egg (w/polar bodies)

Front 10

Segregation of genes, describe:
1) Independent assortment
2) Linkage
3) Recombination
4) Single crossover
5) Double crossover (3 scenarios)

Back 10

1) Cells have 2 copies of each somatic chromosome, upon metaphase 1 or meiosis, chromosomes pair up, sometimes mom's is on one side, sometimes the other
2) Genes on the same chromosome are linked somewhat; the closer genes are on one chromosome, the more linked they are
3) Independent assortment and crossing over(In prophase 1at the chiasma on the tetrad)
4) Chromatids exchange alleles at a given locus - results in 2/4 recombinants
5) (a) No genetic recombination b/c chromatids exchange alleles, then exchange them back (b) Info exchanged during crossover, then one of those chromatids exchange with another: result: 2/4recomb. (c) Chromatids exchange, then 2 different chromatids exchange - Result:4/4 recomb.

Front 11

1) Where do we get our cellular organelles, other than our sex linked traits?
2) Mutation?
3) Why is an advantage and disadvantage of mutation?

Back 11

1) From our mother
2) Change in DNA sequence by means other than recombination
3) Advantage: Increase fitness (ability to survive)
Disadvantage: Harmfull to fitness

Front 12

Types of mutations:
1) Random mutation
2) Inversion
3) Translocation

Back 12

1) Random changes in DNA sequence. Can be due to radiation, chemicals, replication error, etc.
2) A stretch of DNA (a segment of a chromosome) breaks off, then reattaches in the opposite orientation
3) a stretch of DNA (a segment of a chromosome) breaks off, then reattaches somewhere else.

Front 13

1) What is a mutagen?
2) Carcinogen?
3) Are mutagens always carcinogens?

Back 13

1) Something that can cause mutation
2) Something that can cause cancer
3) No, but carcinogens are almost always mutagens

Front 14

What are the two Hardy-Weinberg eqns?

Back 14

p + q = 1
(p+q)^2 = 1 → p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Front 15

What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

Back 15

1) Infinitely large population (no genetic drift)
2) No mutation
3) No migration
4) Random mating (no sexual selection)
5) No natural selection

Front 16

1) Test cross?
2) Back cross?

Back 16

1) To find out if a genotype is Aa or AA, you cross it with aa and look at the product to determine the answer
2) Mating b/t the offspring and the parent = preserves parental genotype

Front 17

Fungi
1) What filaments are fungi made of?
2) What is the name of this filament if it's parasitic?
3) What is the name of a group of these filaments?
4) What makes up the cell wall of fungi?

Back 17

1) Hyphae
2) Haustoria
3) Mycelium
4) Chitin

Front 18

1) Difference b/t autotrophs & heterotrophs?
2) Of these two, which is fungi? 2 types?

Back 18

1) Auto: Get energy from sunlight - plants, Hetero: Get energy from consuming carbs, fats, proteins - animals, fungi
2) Fungi is a heterotroph - either a parasite or a saprobe (feed on dead organisms)

Front 19

1) What makes up a Lichen?
2) What makes up Mycorrhizae?
3) Give 2 examples of fungi?

Back 19

1) Lichen = fungi + algae (Algae provide food, fungi provide water and protection)
2) Mycorrhizae = fungi + plant roots. Plant provides food, fungi provides more absorptive surface area
3) Mushrooms, yeast, molds

Front 20

1) How do fungi reproduce?
2) Which is smaller? Bacteria or Virus
3) Structure of a bacteriophage?

Back 20

1) Sexually or asexually via spores or mycelial fragmentation, most fungi have a haploid and diploid stage of life
2) Virus
3) Protein coat(head), sheath, and tail
Head-contains genetic material
Sheath-provides a passage way for genetic material to be injected into the host bacteria
Tail-fibers attach to the host bacteria

Front 21

1) What is the name of the RNA virus that convert its RNA to DNA inside their host?
2) Viruses mainly use host organelles to replicate, but what do they bring with them to convert RNA to DNA?
3)

Back 21

1) Retrovirus
2) Reverse polymerase
3)