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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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The nucleic acid polymer of which genes are made
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gene
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a unit of genetic information
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genome
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The entire genetic information of an individual
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macromolecule
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Large polymeric molecule; in living cells especially DNA, RNA, protein o ploysaccharide
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metabolism
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The process by which nutrient molecules are transported and transformed within the cell to release energy and to provide new cell material
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nucleic acid
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Polymer made of nucleotides that carries genetic information
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replication
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Duplication of DNA prior to cell division
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having ribose in place of deoxyribose and having uracil in place of thymine
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ribosome
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The cell's machinery for making proteins
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bacteria
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Primitive, relatively simple, single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus
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cell
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The cell is the basic unit of life. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and usually has a full set of genes that provide it with the genetic information necessary to operate
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differentiation
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Progressive changes in the structure and gene expression of cells belonging to a single organism that leads to the formation of different types of cell
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phospholipid
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A hydrophobic molecule found making up cell membranes and consisting of a soluble head group and two fatty acids both linked to glycerol phosphate
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protein
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Polymer made from amino acids that does most of the work in the cell
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cytoplasm
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The portion of a cell that is inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus
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membrane
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A thin flexible structural layer made of protein and phospholipid that is found surrounding all living cells
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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The class of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the genes to the rest of the cell
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eukaryote
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Higher organism with advanced cells, which have more than a one chromosome within a compartment called the nucleus
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nucleus
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An internal compartment surrounded by the nuclear membrane and containing the chromosomes. Only the cells of higher organisms have nuclei.
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prokaryote
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Lower organism, such as bacterium, with a primitive type of cell containing a single chromosome and having no nucleus
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chromosome
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Structure containing the genes of a cell and made of a single molecule of DNA
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Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)
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A bacterium commonly used in molecular biology
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Archaebacteria (Archaea)
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Type of bacteria forming a genetically distinct domain of life. Includes many bacteria growing under extreme conditions
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Eubacteria
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Bacteria of the normal kind as opposed to the genetically distinct Archaebacteria
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species
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A group of closely related organisms with a relatively recent common ancestor. Among animals, species are populations that breed among themselves but not with individuals of other populations. No satisfactory definition exists for bacteria or other organisms that do not practice sexual reproduction.
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transcription
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process by which information from DNA is converted into it's RNA equivalent
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translation
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Making a protein using the information provided by messenger RNA
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diploid
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Possessing two copies of each gene
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haploid
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Possessi only a single copy of each gene
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pathogenic
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Disease causing
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F-plasmid
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A particular plasmid which confers ability to mate on its bacterial host, Escherichia coli
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plasmid
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Circular molecule of double stranded helical DNA which replicates independently of the host cell's chromosomes. Rare linear plasmids have been discovered.
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gram-negative bacterium
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Type of bacterium that has both an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane plus an outer membrane which is located outside the cell wall
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gram-positive bacterium
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Type of bacterium that has only an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and lacks an outer membrane
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antibiotics
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Chemical substance that inhibit specific biochemical processes and thereby stop bacterial growth selectively; that is, without killing the patient too
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bacteriocin
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A toxic protein made by bacteria to kill other, closely related, bacteria
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DNA polymerase
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An enzyme that elongates strands of DNA, especially when chromosomes are being replicated
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penicillin
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An antibiotic made by a mold called Penicillium, which grows on bread producing a blue layer of fungus
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PCR
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Polymerase chain reaction
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vector
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In molecular biology a vector is a molecule of DNA which can replicate and is used to carry cloned genes or DNA fragments
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nuclear envelope
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Envelope consisting of two concentric membranes that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
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cristae
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The internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Internal system of membranes found in eukaryotic cells
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Golgi apparatus
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A membrane bound organelle that takes part in export of materials from eukaryotic cells
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lysosome
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A membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains degradative enzymes
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membrane-bound organelles
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Organelles that are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes
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mitochondrion
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Membrane-bound organelle found i eukaryotic cells that produces energy by respiration
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nuclear pore
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Pore in the nuclear membrane though which the nucleus communicates with the cytoplasm
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organelle
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Subcellular structure that carries out a specific task. Membrane bound organelles are separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by membranes but other organelles such as the ribosome are not.
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germ line cells
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Reproductive cells producing eggs or sperm that take part in forming the next generation
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chlorophyll
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Green pigment that absorbs light during photosynthesis
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somatic cells
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Cells making up the body but which are not part of the germ cell line.
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entamoeba
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A very primitive single-celled eukaryote that lacks mitochondria
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fermentation
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A biochemical process that releases energy without oxygen or light
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Giardia
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A very primitive single-celled eukaryote that lacks mitochondria
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domain (of life)
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Highest ranking group into which living creatures are dived, based on the most fundamental genetic properties
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genus
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A group of closely related species
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kingdom
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Major subdivision of eukaryotic organisms, in particular the plant, fungus and animal kingdoms
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phylum
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Major groups into which animals are divided, roughly equivalent in rank to the divisions of plants or bacteria
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budding
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Type of cell division seen in yeast in which a new cell forms as a bulge on the mother cell, enlarges and finally separates
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non-coding DNA
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DNA sequences that do not code for proteins or functional RNA molecules
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apoptosis
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Programmed suicide of unwanted cells during development or to fight infection.
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gametophyte
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Haploid phase of a plant, especially of lower plants such as mosses and liverworts, where it forms a distinct multicellular body.
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germline cell
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Cell capable of forming gametes and so contributing to the next generation animals.
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totipotent
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Capable of giving rise to a complete multicellular organism
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parasite
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An organism or genetic entity that replicates at the expense of another creature
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virion
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A virus particle
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virus
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Subcellular parasite with genes of DNA or RNA which replicates inside the host cell upon which it relies for energy and protein synthesis. In addition it has an extracellular form, in which the virus genes are contained inside a protective coat.
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bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria
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rickettsia
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Type of degenerative bacterium that is an obligate parasite and infects the cells of higher organisms
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immunization
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Process of preparing the immune system for future infection by treating the patient with weak or killed versions of the infectious agent
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vaccination
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Artificial induction of the immune response by injecting foreign proteins or other antigens.
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DNA virus
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A virus whose genome consists of DNA
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plasmid
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Self-replicating genetic elements that are sometimes found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are not chromosomes nor part of the host cell's permanent genome. Most plasmids are circular molecules of double stranded DNA although rare linear plasmids and RNA plasmids are known.
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retrovirus
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Type of virus which has its genes as RNA in the virus particle but converts this to a DNA copy inside the host cell by using reverse transcriptase
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RNA virus
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A virus whose genome consists of RNA
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viroid
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Naked single-stranded circular RNA that forms a stable highly based-paired rod-like structure and replicates inside infected plant cells. Viroids do not encode an proteins but possess self-cleaving ribozyme activity
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prion
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Distorted disease-causing form of a normal brain protein which can transmit infection
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transposable element or transposon
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Segment of DNA that can move as a unit from one location to another, but which always remains part of another DNA molecule
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