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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two types of Microscopes
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Light Microscope
Electron Microscope |
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Describe a Light Microscope
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visible light is passed through the specimen to the glass lens, which magnifies the image.
We can use a live specimen |
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What is magnification?
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the ratio of the object size that we see, compared to the real size
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What is resolution?
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the measure of the clarity of an image
the minimum distance that two points are distinguishable from each other resolution=.2 um or .2x10^-6 |
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Two types of Electron Microscopes
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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What is a SEM good for?
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Distinquishing the surface of a DEAD specimen
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What is a TEM good for?
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The details about the inside of the dead sample
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Characteristics of a Prokaryote
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Bacteria and archea
DNA is concentrated in nucleoid nonmembrane-bound organelle small |
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Characteristics of a Eukaryote
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animals, plants, fungi, protists
DNA is located in the Nucleus membrane-bound organelles large/bigger |
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Similarities of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Both have semi-fluid substance within the cell call cytosol
contain chromosomes-which carry genes/DNA all cells contain ribosomes have a plasma membrane |
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what are ribosomoes
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organelles that make proteins
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what is the ultra structure?
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All the details of a cell
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Nucleus-jobs/description
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houses DNA
surrounded by a nuclear envelope |
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane-each composed of a lipid bilayer
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nuclear pores
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allow things to enter and exit nucleus
have 8 subunits |
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nuclear lamina
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helps maintain shape
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nuclear matrix
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(like a roadway)
transportation and organization |
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chromosomes
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compact units of DNA
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chromatin
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DNA and protein packing
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nucleolus
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DNA condenses in this area of the nucleus
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ribosomes
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not a membrane-bound organelle
protein manufacturing made of RNA and protein-2 subunits build proteins in 2 cytoplasmic locales |
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two types of ribosomes
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free ribosomes
bound ribosomes |
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free ribosomes do...
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suspended in the cytosol
make proteins that function in cytosol |
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bound ribosomes...
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attached to the outside of the ER
make proteins that are either bound to the membrane or secreted out of the cell |
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Endomembrane System
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phospholipid bilayer
made of the following: nuclear envelope, ER, golgi aparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plsama membrane |
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ER
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accounts for over 1/2 of total membrane(phospholipid bilayer) of a cell
continuous w/ the nuclear envelope |
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cisternae
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finger projections off of nuclear envelope
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lumen
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fluid inside the sacs(fingers) of the nuclear envelope
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Two types of ER
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smooth and rough
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Smooth ER
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lacks ribosomes on surface
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Functions of the smooth ER
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lipid synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs, stores ions for muscle contractions
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rough ER
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ribosomes on the surface
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Functions of the rough ER
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make proteins bound to the membrance/secreted
1)protein is made by ribosome 2)protein enters lumen via a pore 3)secondary, tertiary, and quatenary structure occurs, "native conformation"(protein folding) 4)packaged into transport vessicle. |
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Glycoproteins
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secreted proteins
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golgi apparatus
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(UPS/Postal Office)
glycoprotein modification receiving of products from ER |
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cisternae
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(little tentacles)
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path through the Golgi Apparatus
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a) cis (side)0receiving end(next to the ER)
b) trans (side)-frathers from ER-delivery c)cisternal maturation model-protein is being modified and perfected as it goes through each cisternae d) given a "zip code" before it leaves |
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Lysosome
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hydrolytic enzymes
acidic environment perform intracelluar digestion(phagocytosis) autophagy |
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what is autophagy
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recycing of organelles
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Vauoles
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maintenance compartment
buddies with lysosomes (function alongside them) |
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What type of vacuoles are in animals?
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food vacuoles
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What type of vacuoles are in protists?
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contractile vacuoles
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what do contractile vacuoles do?
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maintain water concentration
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what does isotonic mean?
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neutral/equal concentration
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What type of vacuoles are in plants?
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central vacuole
enclosed by tonoblast(the membrane around the vacuole) |
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plant's vacuoles contain
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sap-solution inside
pigment and in general, they enlarge to store water |
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Mitochondria
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Converts energy into forms that cells can use
ATP |
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What is ATP
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Adenine Triphosphate-aka ENERGY BABY!
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what is collagen?
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glycoprotein which makes fibers outside of the cell
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What are proteoglycan?
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another network of glycoproteins that interact with collagen
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what are fibronectin?
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glycoproteins that bind together with proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
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what are integrins?
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(proteins embedded in the plasma membrane)
link inside and outside together |
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What are the four major components of the ECM(extracellular matrix)
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collagen
proteoglycan fibronectin integrins |
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what is the ECM?
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extracellular matrix
otuside framework of a cell |
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three types of intracellular junctions
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gap
desmosomes tight |
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what do tight junctions do?
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prevent leakage
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what do desmosomes do?
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anchoring junctions
rivets |
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what do gap junctions do?
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channels of communication
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