Intro Lecture 1

Front 1

What is molecular biology?

Back 1

-study of biology at the molecular level

-explanation of the structure & function of cells & organisms in terms of imdivid. molecules = nucleic acids & proteins.

Front 2

What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

Back 2

small molecules --> genes --> proteins --> organelles --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems

Front 3

The process of DNA?

Back 3

-DNA copied by (replication), DNA info. copied into mRNA (transcription), proteins can be synthesized using the info. in mRNA as a template (translation).

Front 4

What is the central dogma?

Back 4

DNA (replication)-->RNA (Transcription) --> Protein (translation)

Front 5

In the central dogma of molecular biology the process of producing proteins is _______. Therefore a protein cannot be used to create what?

Back 5

irreversible; DNA

Front 6

What is an exception of productions proteins in reverse?

Back 6

RNA viruses only have RNA. RNA virus can go in reverse from RNA to DNA because viruses have special enzymes (reverse transcipase) that will produce Complementary DNA (c-DNA) which is not real DNA. From c-DNA will produce DNA --> RNA --> protein.

Front 7

List the major cellular processes?

Back 7

1.) DNA Repair

2.) transcription

3.) translation

4.) proteins

Front 8

What is DNA repair?

What is transcription?

What is translation?

What are proteins?

Back 8

1.) mistakes in the copies need to be fixed

2.) mRNA's need to be transcribed (copies of blueprints made from DNA)

3.) proteins are synthesized ( the info in the blueprints is put to use in the form of proteins)

4.) Structural ( make up the cytoskeleton of the cell) or enzymes which do work (making sugars & DNA & proteins and everything in the cell).

Front 9

What are the 3 categories of the cellular structures?

Back 9

-Prokaryotes: free-living unicellular organisms such as bacteria.

-eukaryotes: fungi/mammal cells

-Acellular: viruses

Front 10

What are prokaryotes?

Back 10

-grp of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles

-most are unicellular

-bacteria/rickettsia/chlamydia/mycoplasma

Front 11

what is the structure of the prokaryotes?

Back 11

-single, circular chromosome, NO NUCLEUS (DNA found in NUCLEOID)

-No mitochondria, vacuoles, membrane-bound organelles

-transcription/translation occur in cytosol

-cell membrane: lipid bilayer made of phospholipids

-rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides = protect cell from injury and prevent bursting

Front 12

Bacteria cell wall of gram negative is?

Back 12

10-20% cell wall is peptidoglycan

Front 13

Bacteria wall of gram positive is?

Back 13

90% of cell wall = peptidoglycan.

Front 14

what is genome structure of prokaryotes?

Back 14

-single circular chromosomes

-one origin of replications

-gene sequenes same as mRNA sequences

-polycistronic genes

-coupled transcription/translation

Front 15

what is polycistronic genes?

Back 15

-Cistron: an old name for a gene

-mRNA carries the info. of several genes = translated into several proteins.

Front 16

what are eukaryotes?

Back 16

-cells that contain complex structures enclosed w/in membranes

-membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotes from prokaryotes which is the nucleus

Front 17

structure of a eukaryote?

Back 17

-single celled/multicellular organism - complex structure

-membrane bound cytoplasm & nucleus

-cytoplasm that has organelles.

Front 18

define organelles?

Back 18

internal membranes that define a collection of sub cellular structures that is winton the cytoplasm.

Front 19

List the organelles in a eukaryote cell.

Back 19

1.) nucleus

2.) nucleolus

3.) mitochondrion

4.) ribosomes

5.) Rough ER

6.) Smooth ER

7.) Vesicles

8.) lysosomes

9.) golgi complex/apparatus

10.) vacuoles

11.) cytosol

Front 20

define nucleus?

Back 20

-largest organelle in the cell = surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope

-Nucleoplasm: fluid w/in the nucleus suspending the chromosomes & nucleoli

-contains most of cellular DNA & site synthesis of cellular RNA

Front 21

Define Nucleolus?

Back 21

-small spherical body found w/in the nucleus

-nucleloi contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & many copies of the genes that encode rRNA

-Transcription of rRNA takes place in nucleoli as does the assembly of ribosomal subunits.

Front 22

define mitochondrion?

Back 22

-located w/in the cytoplasm in eukaryote cell

-bound by a double membrane

-contain enzymes that drive the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain & oxidative phosphyorlation

-oxidation of fatty acids & glucose generates most ATP (energy)

-POWERHOUSE OF CELL

Front 23

Evidence suggests mitochondria evolved from a what ______.

Back 23

symbiotic relationship btw bacteria & eukaryotic cells.

Front 24

Mitochondrion contain their own what?

Back 24

DNA & replicate by dividing into two

-most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome.

-DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.

Front 25

What are ribosomes?

Back 25

-large proteins/rRNA complexes that are the site of protein synthesis.

-not surrounded by a membrane

-factories for the synthesis of proteins using info. provided by mRNA's.

Front 26

A ribosome contains what?

Back 26

2 subunits that combine only in presence of mRNA and a charged transfer RNA

Front 27

Ribosomes are found in what cell structures?

Back 27

both eukaryote & prokaryote

Front 28

what is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 28

- a network of membranes in which proteins and & glycoproteins are synthesized (manufactures the proteins)

-PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

-External surfaces has ribosomes.

Front 29

what is Smooth ER?

Back 29

-lacks ribosomes

-Lipid SYNTHESIS.

Front 30

What is the 2nd larger organelle in EUKARYOTES?

Back 30

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Front 31

What is the Largest organelle in EUKARYOTES?

Back 31

NUCLEUS

Front 32

What are Vesicles?

Back 32

-small membrane-bund sacs in eukaryotic cells

-they are spherical in shape

-Function: TRANSPORTATION

Front 33

what are lysosomes?

Back 33

-single membrane & contain hydrolytic enzymes

-internal PH = acidic 4-5

-Lysosome collaborate w/vessicles formed by endocytosis & phagocytosis to digest material imported from the environment.

-DIGESTS foreign things.

Front 34

What is a golgi complex/ apparatus?

Back 34

-PACKAGING, processing station for molecular trafficking among parts of the cell.

-LIKE A UPS

-System of folded membranes arranged like stacks involved in sorting proteins & lipid.

-Proteins are transported from rough ER to Golgi in small membrane vesicles.

Front 35

What are vacuoles?

Back 35

-storage compartment

-found in some eukaryotes (plants)

-Function: store water, ions, waste products, sucrose, nitrogen-containing compounds

Front 36

What is cytosol?

Back 36

-fluid component of the cell cytoplasm, not contained in membrane-bound organelles

-consiste of cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments & microtubules

-cytoskeletal fibers provide strength & rigging & control cell movement & chromosomal movement during cell division.

Front 37

What is plasma membrane?

Back 37

-lipid bilayer w/associated prtoins and is the boundary of cell

-allows oxygen, carbon dioxide & water to diffuse

-impermeable to most mlecules such as sugars, amino acids, potassium, chloride & potassium ions which enter the cell through channels or transport proteins

-contains many proteins which are involved in inter & intracellular communications.

Front 38

what is eukaryotic extracellular matrix?

Back 38

-animal cells secrete an extracellular matrix

-network of collagen, glycosaminoglycans needed for connective tissues and adhesion proteins

- function: structural support & signaling to surround cells

-bone, connective tissues (cartilage, tendons, ligaments) contain more extracellular matrix than other cels

Front 39

what is a eukarytoic cell wall?

Back 39

surround the cells of plants, many protists, fungi, archaea & many bacteria

-cell wall lends rigidity to the cell

-plants & plant parts derive much of their support from pressure of their fluid content against the cell walls .

Front 40

What is the genome structure of a eukaryotic cell?

Back 40

-multiple linear chromosmes

-multiple origins per chromosome

-interrupted coding sequences (introns & exons)

-MONOCISTRONIC GENES

-spacially separated transcription & translation

Front 41

what is monocistonic gene?

Back 41

-one gene contains the genetic info to translate only a single protein

Front 42

Compare the genome structure of prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes? PART 1

Back 42

PROKARYOTES

-single circular chrome.

-one origin of replication

- gene sequences same as mRNA sequence

- POLYCISTRONIC GENE

-coupled transcription/translation (occur simutaneously)

Front 43

Compare the genome structure of prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes? Part 2

Back 43

Eukaryotes

-mult. linear chrom.

-mult. origins per chrom.

-interrupted coding sequences (intron/exon)

-MONOCISTRONIC GENE

-spatially separated transcription/translation (occur seperately)

Front 44

What is the structure of viruses?

Back 44

-simple intravelluar parasites that cannot replicate on their own

-consist of either DNA or RNA genome

-surrounded by a protein coat (CAPSID)

- may have a lipid envelope that surrounds the capsid

-virus replication depends on host cell metabolism

Front 45

viruses that infect bacteria are called?

Back 45

bacteriophages

Front 46

DNA viruses can integrated their DNA.......

Back 46

directly into the host genome

Front 47

RNA viruses must do what first?

Back 47

make a DNA copy of the RNA strand which is called complementary DNA (cDNA)

Front 48

what is reverse transcriptase?

Back 48

an enzyme that has the ability to make a DNA copy of RNA