Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Why is understanding genome important for improving human health?
|
altered DNA sequence is responsible for human diseases
|
|
|
customized medicine
|
takes into account the relationship between genomic sequence and treatment outcome
|
|
|
Differences in what have potential to explain mechanisms of and susceptibilities to certain diseases
|
genome between human and chimpanzee
|
|
|
humans have an absence of what when compared to chimpanzees?
|
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)
|
|
|
What does CMAH do?
|
converts N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc)
|
|
|
Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc are two common what?
|
sialic acids found on the surface of mammalian cells
|
|
|
Because of the lack of CMAH, humans are not susceptible to _____ and chimpanzees are not susceptible to _____.
|
plasmodium reichenowi
plasmodium falciparum |
|
|
warfarin
|
is a blood thinner that is dosed based on genotype
|
|
|
Effectiveness of drugs depends on:
|
1. pharmacokinetics
2. pharmacodynamics 3. pharmacogenomics |
|
|
Drug effectiveness depends on what?
|
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
and genetics can influence all of these |
|
|
drugs or xenobiotics are metabolized by what?
|
cytochrome P450 (CYP) complex
|
|
|
Which of CYP metabolizes more than 100 drugs including warfain
|
CYP2C9
|
|
|
Patients require lower dose of warfarin as compared to CYP2C9*1
|
with CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles because there is increased bleeding
|
|
|
What is the target gene/protein for coumadin (warfarin)?
|
vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1)
polymorphism of VKORC1 may modify the effectiveness of the drug |
|
|
What is GINA?
|
genetic information nondiscrimination act laws to prevent misuse of info about genetic makeup
|
|
|
polymer
|
polynucleotide
|
|
|
how are nucleotides joined?
|
phosphodiester bonds
|
|
|
purines
|
pure as gold
adenine guanine |
|
|
what are the pyrimidines?
|
cytosine
thymine uracil |
|
|
what are chaotropes?
|
formamide and urea
change the structure of H20 disrupt H-bonds |
|
|
What are the functions of nucleotides?
|
consituents of DNA and RNA
cofactors in enzymatic rxns energy currency (ATP) cell signaling (GTP in G-coupled receptor) |
|
|
What are some useful nucleotides?
|
FAD, NAD - electron carriers
cyclic AMP and cGMP (second messengers) coenzyme A (CoA)- carbon carrier in fatty acid metabolism |
|
|
Griffith's experiment
|
outcome DNA is genetic material
|
|
|
Hershey and Chase experiment: which component of a bacteriophage enters the bacteria during infection?
|
DNA is genetic material
|
|
|
What form of DNA is in our cells?
|
B-form
|
|
|
double helix
|
explained templated synthesis of DNA
|
|
|
H-bonding of base pairs has pracitcal
|
based on denaturation and renaturation kinetics
|
