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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Probability Theory why is it important explaining genetic events?
• Independent Events
• Chance of event 1 occurring is independent of event 2
• Product Law: multiply the probability of each event to determine probability of both events
how do we calculate when two or more event occurr indpendently of one another but at the same time?
Product Law: multiply the probability of each event to determine probability of both events
give an example of the Product Law of their probability?
Heads and Tails
• P(Heads) on a single flip of the coin = 1/2
• P(Tails) on a single flip of the coin= 1/2
• eg. P(H)P(T) = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
• P(H)P(H) = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
• P(T)P(H) = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
• P(T)P(T) = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
• P(T)P(T)P(T) = 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8
• 2 or more events happening simultaneously =
product of their individual probabilities
What is the Sum Law?
• Outcome can be accomplished in more than one way
• Sum the probabilities of each way of obtaining the outcome
• eg. toss 2 pennies, what is the outcome of one head & one tail: PH xPT + PT x PH
• 1/2 x 1/2 + 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2
define what it meants independent assortment
independent behavior of each pair of homologous chromosomes during segregation in meisosis I.
the random distribution of maternal and paternal homologs into gametes.
-----------------------------
• 1st meiotic anaphase, homologs separate independently
• Possible combinations = 2n
• Humans: n = 23, therefore 223 = 8 x 106
• 8 million gametes possible just because of random assortment of homologous chromosomes
What did Mendel’s experiments study?
• Used common garden pea
• Followed discrete traits
• Kept detailed records
• Determined units of inheritance exist &predicted their behavior during the formation of gametes
• Basis of Mendelian or transmission genetics
What did Mendel’s postulates?
• Unit factors exist in pairs (alleles)
• One unit factor is DOMINANT, the other is recessive
• Paired unit factors segregate randomly
what is reciprocal crosses?
not sex dependt when mendel's monohybrid crosses
what is particualate unit factors?
factors serve as the basic units of heredity & are passed unchanged from generation to generation,determining various traits expressed by each individual plant.
what is segregation monohybrid cross as determinant factor?
during the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate, or segregate, randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likehood. four combination with equal fequency
What happens in Monohybrid Cross?
• Trait transmission from one generation to the next
• P1 = parental generation
• F1 = first filial generation
• F2 = second filial generation
• Unit factors = genes

filial: from the Latin filius “son”
how does Sister chromatids of homologs segregate looks
like?
ans
Terms to Know
• Phenotype = physical expression of a
trait
• Genotype = allelic makeup of a trait (DD,Dd)
• Homozygote / homozygous = identical
alleles (eg. DD or dd)
• Heterozytoge / heterozygous = different
alleles (eg. Dd)
• Pure breeding lines (homozygous)
alleles=different combination of alternative froms of single gene
gene=unit factor representing of inheritance
Discuss some the result Mendel experiment
seven pairs of contrasting traits of garden pea (Pisum Sativum).
pollen derived from plants exhibiting one trait was used to fertilize the ova of plants exhibiting the other trait.
.F1 generatiion, one of the two traits(domainant) was exhibiting by all plants.
those trail in which each trait appeared unchanged generation after generation in self-fertilizing plants
what led Mendel to deduce that unit factors exist in pairs?
because there were two constracting traits for each character it would seem that two distinct factor must exist
why does one of the two traits or phenotypes disappear in the F1 generation?
observing F2, the recessive traits and its unit factor don't actually disappear in the F1; they are merely hidden or masked, only to reappear in one fourth of the F2 offspring. therefore, Mendel concluded that one unit factor for tall and one for dwarf were transmitted to each F1 individual, but because the tall factor or allele is dominant to the dwarf factor or allele, all F1 plants are tall.
Why is punnet Square important?
the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the recombination of gametes during fertilization can be easily visualized by constructing punnet square
horizantal for male and verical for females or colums
3:1 phenotypic ratio
1:2:1 genotypic ratio may deriven from F2 generation
How do you conduct a test cross?
it helps us distinguish the genotypes of plant expressing the dominant type
What happens in Dihybrid cross?
• Follow 2 pairs of contrasting traits
• Independent genes
• Independent events (can use product
law)
• Probability calculation (forked line
method)
What was Mendel's dihybrid cross revealed his four postulate?
Independent Assortment
examined two characters simultaneously dihydrid cross
Explain Independent Assortment?
the chance of any plant having yellow or green seeds is not all all influenced by the chance that this plant will have round or wringle seed. two sets of traits as being inherited independently of each other
dihybrid cross
result
Fork line method
result
What is Test Cross- 2 Characters?
result
#’s of genotypes &
phenotypes
• First, determine # of heterozygous
gene pairs in cross (n)
• 2n = # of different gametes
• 2n = # of different phenotypes
• 3n = # of different genotypes
Trihybrid Cross
• 3 factors
• Punnett squares cumbersome
• Use forked-line method for phenotypic
calculations