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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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concept
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to teh prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comapirn grfeathered creatures to a prottypical bird, such as a robin).
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algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. cntrasts with teh usually speedier-but aksi nire erriroribe-use of heuristics.
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heuristic
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a simiple thinking stragey taht often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more rror prone thatn algorithms
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions.
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to serach for information tha tconfirms one's preconceptions
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fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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mental set
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a tendency to apporach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in teh pas but my or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usualy functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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representativeness heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well tehy seem to represent, or mathch, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
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availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate teh accurary of one's beliefs and judgements
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framing
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thet way an issue is posed; how and issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
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belief bias
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teh tendency for one's preeexsiting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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belief perseverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basbis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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aritifical intelligence
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the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learnign and understanding language.
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computer neural networks
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computer circuits tha tmimic the brain's interconnected nerual cells, performing tasks such as learnign to recognize visual patterns and smells.
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language
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our spoken, written or signed words and teh ways we comibine them to communicate meaning
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phoneme
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in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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morpheme
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in a language, teh smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
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grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate iwht and understand others.
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semantics
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the set of rules by which we dervie meanign from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language;' also teh study of meaning.
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syntax
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the rules for combingin words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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babbling stage
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beginning at three to four monts, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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one word stage
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the stage in sppech development, from about age one to two, druign which a child spaks mostly in single words.
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two word stage
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beginning about age two, teh stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.
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telegraphic speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words
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linguistic determinism
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whorf's hypothesis that language determines teh way we think.
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intelligence test
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a method ofr assessing an individual's mental aptitudes adn comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
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intelligence
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mental quality consisting of teh ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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factor analysis
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a statistical procedure tha tidentifies clusters of related items (called factors on a test; used to idnetify different dimesniosn of performance tha tunderlie one's total score.
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general intellignce (g)
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a general intelliegence factor that spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abiliteis and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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savant syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
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creativity
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the ability to proudce novel and valuable ideas.
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mental age
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a meausre of intelligence test performance devised by binet; the chronological age tha tmost typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus a child who does as well as teh average eight year old is said to have a mental age of eight
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stanford binet
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the widely used american revision (by terman at stanford university) of binet's orginal intelligence test
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intellignce quotient (IQ)
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defined orginally as teh raito of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 on contemporary intelligence test, teh average performance ofr a given age is assigned a socre of 100
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
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achievement test
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a test desgined to assess what a person has learned.
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wechlsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)
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the wais i sthe most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
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standardization
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defining meaningulf scores by comparison with teh performance of a pretest "standardization group."
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normal curve
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the symmentrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most ocres fall near the average, and fewer and fewr scores lie near the extremes.
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
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intelligence
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mental quality consisting of teh ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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factor analysis
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a statistical procedure tha tidentifies clusters of related items (called factors on a test; used to idnetify different dimesniosn of performance tha tunderlie one's total score.
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general intellignce (g)
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a general intelliegence factor that spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abiliteis and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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savant syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
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creativity
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the ability to proudce novel and valuable ideas.
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mental age
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a meausre of intelligence test performance devised by binet; the chronological age tha tmost typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus a child who does as well as teh average eight year old is said to have a mental age of eight
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stanford binet
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the widely used american revision (by terman at stanford university) of binet's orginal intelligence test
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intellignce quotient (IQ)
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defined orginally as teh raito of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 on contemporary intelligence test, teh average performance ofr a given age is assigned a socre of 100
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
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achievement test
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a test desgined to assess what a person has learned.
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wechlsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)
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the wais i sthe most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
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standardization
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defining meaningulf scores by comparison with teh performance of a pretest "standardization group."
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normal curve
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the symmentrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most ocres fall near the average, and fewer and fewr scores lie near the extremes.
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
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validity
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the extent ot which a test measure or predicts what it is supposed to.
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content validty
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the extent ot which a test samples the behavior that is of interst (such as a drivin tets that samples drivin tasks).
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criterion
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teh behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as teh sat) is designed to predict; thus the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
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predictive validity
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed ot predict; it is assesesd by computin gthe correlation between test scores and teh criterion behavior.
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mental retardation
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a conditoin of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to teh demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
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down syndrome
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a conditoin of retardation an dassociated physyical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic make up.
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heritability
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the proportion of variation among indivuduals tha twe can attribute to genes. the heritablility of a trait may vary, depending on teh range of populations and environments studied.
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sterotype threat
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a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype.
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