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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pharmacology
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the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
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rose hips
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vitamin C
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willow bark
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aspirin
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Vinca (periwinkle plant)
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vincristine
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beef or pork pancreas
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insulin
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saffron flower
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Colchicine
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Ephedra plant
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Primatene, Bronkaid
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sheeps wool
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Lanolin
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1806
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morphine isolated from crude opium
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1899
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Aspirin was introduced
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1912
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Phenobarbital introduced for epilepsy
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1922
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Insulin isolated
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foxglove plant (digitalis lanata)
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digoxin
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Belladonna
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atropine, scopolamine
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Opium poppy
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morphine
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mold
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penicillin
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1941
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Penicillin was introduced
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1957
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Librium introduced for neurosis
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1967
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Inderal introduced for hypertension
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1977
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Tagamet introduced for peptic ulcers (first H2 blocker)
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Chemical Name
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Every drug has a chemical name that describes its molecular structure and distinguishes it from other drugs.
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Generic Name
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The pharmaceutical company along with the United States Adopted Names Council then determines a second name for the drug, its generic name.
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Brand Name
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When the FDA gives final approval, then the manufacturer alone selects a third name known as a trade or brand name, which is a registered trademark. Only the original manufacturer has the right to advertise and market the drug under the trade/brand name.
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Drug Design (3)
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1)Chemical name (molecular structure)
2)Generic Name (2nd name for the drug) 3)Brand Name (Manufacturer alone selects a 3rd name known as a trade/brand name--original manufacturer has right to advertise/market drug under brand/trade name) |
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What is the difference when a brand drug vs a generic drug is dictated by a physician?
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Brand name drugs are CAPITALIZED whereas all generic drugs are not.
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Name the generic component of Valium
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diazepam
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Enteric
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A tablet that is covered with a special coating that dissolves in the intestines in order to avoid stomach upset.
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Liquid
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Medication comes in the form of either solution or suspensions.
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Oral
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the oral (by mouth) route is the most convenient route of administration. The oral route is routinely abbreviated as "p.o."
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Inhalation
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the route involves the inhaling of a drug in a gas or liquid form, usually designed for the lungs. Asthmatic conditions required inhalers such as a bronchial inhaler.
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Subcutaneous
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involves administration of a drug injected into the subcutaneous tissues (the fatty layer just under the dermis of the skin, but above the muscle layer).
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Intravenous
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(I.V.) This administration of a drug involves injection of liquid directly into a vein and may be done in one of 3 ways:
1)I.V. Push 2)I.V. Drip 3)I.V. Piggyback |
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Intrathecal
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this route of administration involves the injection of a liquid within the sheath or meninges of the spinal cord.
Example: comes from the Greek word "Theka" meaning sheath. Example: A spinal tap |
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IVPB
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Intravenous piggy back
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Drug weight measurements are expressed in terms of ____ and ______.
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milligrams and kilograms
**More appropriately kilograms are used to describe a person's weight--abbreviated as kg |
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Name 3 types of drugs that are measured in units (UI).
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1)penicillin
2)vitamins 3)all types of insulin |
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ad lib
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as needed
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q.o.d.
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every other day
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stat
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immediately
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mg
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milligram
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Name the generic component of Ativan.
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lorazepam
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Elixirs
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a liquid--solutions that contain an alcohol and water base with sugar and flavoring.
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Sublingual
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medication is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve slowly.
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Parentral
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Parenteral is a general term taken from the two Greek words "para" and "entero", which literally means "apart from the intestine". Technically parenteral means all routes of administration other than by mouth.
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I.V. Push
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Fluid is manually pushed into the I.V. in a very short period of time or fluid is pushed into an existing I.V. bottle and administered continuously over several hours.
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OTC
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over-the-counter
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apothecary
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from the Greek word and refers to a person who combines and distributes drugs.
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The SI system is based on the ____ for weight measurements, the ____ for length measurements, and the ___ for volume measurements.
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kilogram--for weight
meter--for length liter--for volume |
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The metric system also includes liquid measurements expressed as ___ and ____.
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liter and milliliter.
**Abbreviated as L and mL |
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kilogram
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kg
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milliliter
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mL
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p.r.n.
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as needed
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n.p.o.
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nothing by mouth
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q.h.
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every hour
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Dosage schedules are transcribed with ___.
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periods
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mcg
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microgram
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gtt.
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drops (Latin word-guttae, often doctors will dictate as guttae)
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Capsule
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Comes in 2 varieties:
1)gelatin or soft capsule that contains liquid and is fat soluble. 2)powdered or granular form manufactured in 2 pieces that fit together. |
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Suspension
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a liquid--contains fine, undissolved particles suspended in liquid.
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Vaginal/Rectal
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medication is absorbed via these routes. this route is reserved for certain clinical situations such as when the patient is vomiting and medication cannot be given orally
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Intradermal
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involves administration of a drug by injection into the dermis, the second layer of skin just below the epidermis
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Intramuscular
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involves administration of a drug injected into the belly (area of greatest mass) of a large muscle.
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Endotracheal
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this route of administration is used during emergency resuscitation measures or to deliver pulmonary drugs to intubated patients via an endotracheal tube.
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SL
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Sublingual
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SUBQ
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subcutaneous
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1 kilogram
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1000 g
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The centimeter is equivalent to ____ of a ____.
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1/100th of a meter.
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milligram
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mg
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liter
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L
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Other drug measurements include (6)
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1)unit
2)inch 3)drop 4)milliequivalent 5)percentage 6)ratio |
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Milliequivalents
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(mEq) an equivalent is a molecular weight. It is expressed in grams.
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h.s.
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at bedtime
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p.o.
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by mouth
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b.i.d.
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twice a day
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mEq
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milliequivalent
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gr
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grains
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Name the generic component of Serax.
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oxazepam
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Cream
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a topical medication which is effused with water and oil.
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Suppository
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a solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter containing the drug, which is admininistered either rectally or vaginally.
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Topical
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a drug is applied directly to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes,ears,nose, or throat.
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I.V. Drip
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a drug is mixed in a very small I.V. bottle and administered in drip form over several hours.
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I.V.
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Intravenous
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IM
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intramuscular
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1 gram (g)
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1000 milligrams
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Pediatric doses are expressed as __/__/__.
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mg/kg/day
*this indicates the amount of medicine per body weight per day. Example: Pedialyte 15 mg/20 kg/t.i.d. |
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The basic measurement of length in the metric system is the ___.
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meter
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cubic centimeter
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cc
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When a physician dictates drug dosages and measurements, the transcriptionist may use ______, even if the physician does not dictate dosages in abbreviation.
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abbreviations
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p.c.
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after meals
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t.i.d.
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three times a day
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kg
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kilogram
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I.V.
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intravenous (use periods to differentiate from IV which is Roman Numeral 4)
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Drugs prescribed in generic form may be up to ___ _____ less than brand names.
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1/2 percent
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Tablet
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dried, powered, compressed form
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Transdermal
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a multilayered disk consisting of a drug reservoir, a porous membrane, and a adhesive layer to hold it to the skin.
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Transdermal
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this route of administration differs from the topical route in that the drug is applied to the skin via physical delivery through a patch with a porous membrane for slow release.
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I.V. Piggyback
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A small secondary I.V. bag or bottle is connected through tubing to a port of an existing I.V. bottle
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1 milligram
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1000 micrograms
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Metric system abbreviations are not followed by a __.
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period
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When a cube is formed that is 1 cm long on each side, it becomes a measurement of volume known as the ____ ____.
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cubic centimeter
**abbreviated as cc |
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gram
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g (not gm, which is obsolete or gr, which is the abbreviation for grain)
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microgram
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mcg
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Units
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(IU) some drugs are measured as units-- penicillin, vitamins and all types of insulin are measured in units.
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a.c.
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before meals
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q.h.s.
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at bedtime
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q.d.
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every day
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q.i.d.
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four times a day
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mL
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milliliter
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g
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gram
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/
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per
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