Module 5 - Cell Division: The Process Of Mitosis And Meosis

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Mitosis

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Cell division that results in identical cells; used for growth and repair of organisms (2n)

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Meiosis

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Cell division that results in cells that have half the normal chromosomes number (haploid gametes); called reduction division (1n)

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Parent cell

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A diploid (pairs of homologous chromosomes) somatic cell about to enter cell division

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Daughter cell

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: a cell that is the product of cell division.

Mitosis- daughter cells are identical to parent cell.

Meiosis- daughter cells are not identical to parent cell.

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DNA

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Genetic material found contained in the nucleus in eukaryotes and loose in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes

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Histones

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Proteins found in chromosomes that provide scaffolding for DNA to twin around so that DNA can fit within the confines space of the nucleus.

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Chromatin

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Long fibres containing DNA, RNA and proteins. These fibres form chromosomes when they coil around histones.

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Centromere

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A 'button' that holds the two identical sister chromatids together after the S phase of interphase and through mitosis until anaphase.

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Somatic cell

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Name given to any of the cells of a multicellular organism

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Autosomes

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The 22 homologous pairs seen in a karyotype; have nothing to do with gender

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Sex chromosomes

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The last (twenty-third) pair of chromosomes seen in a karyotype that determines the gender.

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Allele

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A different form of the same gene occurring on a homologous chromosome.

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diploid

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A cell that contains two pairs of every chromosome

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Polyploid

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A cell that contains more than two homologous chromosomes

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Karyotype

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A picture of all the chromosomes of a cell arranged in homologous pairs according to size, centromere position and banding pattern. Used to diagnose abnormalities and determination of sex chromosomes

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INTERPHASE

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Longest period of the cell cycle when the cell is actively growing and metabolizing. 3 phases: G1 phase , S phase and G2 phase

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The cell is actively growing and undergoing metabolism and protein synthesis, cells grow quickly

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G1 PHASE

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DNA replication occurs in preparation for upcoming mitosis; produces sister chromatids

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S PHASE

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The cell continues growing , metabolizing and carrying out protein synthesis

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G2 PHASE

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Mitosis

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Division of genetic material and contents of the nucleus into two complete and separate sets

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Cytokinesis

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Division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two separate sets

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M PHASE

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Together mitosis and cytokinesis form two new daughter cells with the same genetic info as the parents.

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Density-dependent inhibition

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A property of normal cells that allows mitosis to occur only until cells touch each other.

Lost in cancer cells making cells build up onto power of one another.

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Anchorage dependence

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A property of normal cells that only allows mitosis to occur when cells are attached to a substrate or surface, not floating freely.

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PROPHASE

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The first phase of mitosis where visible chromosomes appear scattered through a cell; nuclear membrane dissolves; centrioles move to opposite poles, forming a spindle between them.

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METAPHASE

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The second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up on the equator (metaphase plate) and attach via their centromeres to a spindle fibre

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ANAPHASE

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The third phase of mitosis where spindle fibres contract, pulling sister chromatids of each chromosome apart to opposite poles

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TELOPHASE

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Fourth phase where nuclear membranes form around the two groups of chromosomes; spindle apparatus dissolves; chromosomes decondense to become chromatin.

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Meiosis I

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Preceded by DNA replication in interphase; results in one secondary oocyte and first polar body in females and two secondary spermatocytes in males

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Meiosis II

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No DNA replication in interphase; results in one haploid ootid and second polar body in females and four haploid spermatids in males

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Synapsis

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The entwining of the homologous pair and attached sister chromatids in prophase I of meiosis; crossing-over between non-sister chromatid may occur

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Non-disjunction

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Chromosomes or chromatids do not separate as they should during meiosis

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Anaphase 1

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When homologous chromosome pairs do not separate to opposite poles; instead one entire pair is pulled toward the same pole together

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anaphase 2

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When sister chromatids do not separate to opposite poles; instead both sister chromatids are polled toward the same pole together