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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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innate immunity |
chemical and physical barriers non-specific mechanisms non-adaptive mechanisms |
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adaptive (aquired) immunity |
both specific and adaptive |
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first line of defense |
physical barriers biochemical barriers |
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second line of defense |
inflammation and phagocytosis |
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third line of denfense |
adpative, specific immunity cell-mediated antibody-mediated |
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protect uninfected host cells from viral infection |
interferons IFNs |
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causes bursting of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation |
complete system |
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kill infected target cells by releasing granutes that contain perforin. Phagocytes then kill the released microbes |
natural killer cells |
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inflammation |
non-specific non-adaptive immediate |
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inflammation mediated by |
chemicals found in ciruculation |
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steps of inflammation |
1. blood vessels dilate bringing increased blood flow to the injured area 2. fluid and phagocytic white blood cells pass out of capillaries 3. lymphatic drainage removes dissolved poisonous substances 4. phagocytes migrate to the injury site and ingest microbes and other foreign substances |
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local manifestations of inflammation |
changes in microcirculation -vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, white cell migration from capillaries to the site of inflammation, inflammatory chemicals stimulate nociceptors -observable characteristics |
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fever |
exogenous and endogenous chemical mediators act to reset the hypothalamic thermostat |
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systemic manifestations of inflammation |
fever increase in both-or inflammatory and anti-inflammatory plasma proteins produced by liver leukocytosis |
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leukocytosis |
increases circulating neutrophils -increase in immature granulocytes because of mature neutrophil depletion |
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increase in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory plasma proteins producted by the liver causes |
levated acute-phase preactions -erythrocyte sedimentation rate -blood levels of c-reactive protein |
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
rate at which RBCs fall through plasma relfects level of fibrnogen and adhesion of RBCs |
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events of acute inflammation activation of three plasma protein systems: |
complement system -direct or indirect destruction of cells coagulation system -isolates infections by trapping pathogens and prevents hemorrhage kinin system -interacts with coagulation system -pro-inflammatory |
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plasma protein system -complement system |
a group of plasma proteins participate at all levels of inflammation three pathways -classical -alternative and lectin c1 activates a cascade of c2-c5a which enhances inflammation |
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c1 activates a cascade of c2-c5a which enhances inflmmation by |
opsonizing bacteria (end product c3b) inducing mast cell degranulation (c3a/c5a) |
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inducing mast cell degranulaiton in turn |
encourages neutrophil chemotaxis complement progeins c5b-c9 form a membrane attack complex (mac) cells are lysed through the influx of entracellular fluids |
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coagulation system does what |
stops bleeding localized microorganisms provides a meshwork for healing |
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the kinin system |
activated by coagulation system |
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primary kinin is |
brady kinin |
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augments inflammation (pro inflammatory) |
vascular permeability, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction |
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cytokines |
more than 100 different kinds chemical sigmal from one cell that affects another its how cells talk can be pro/antiinflammitory |
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examples of cytokines |
interleukins, interferons, chemokines |
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interleukins |
cytokines produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocites in repsonse to microorganisms and products of inflammation |
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interleukins does what |
emcourages cell adhesion molecule expression chmotaxis proliferation and maturation of wbc both pro and anti inflammatory |
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interferons |
proteins produced to protect agains viral infections and encourage the immune system |
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interferons does what |
defense against viral infections made by leukocytes to help other cells defend against viruses |
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mast cells |
a critical cell in inflammatory response mast cells are large, granular cells in loose connective tissue, adgacent to blood vessels early initial activators of inflammatory response |
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degranulation |
quick release of preformed mediators histame and cemotactic factors syntheiss of inflammatory medators |
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mast cell degranulation |
released from granules: -histamine -mast cell proteases-tryptase -proteoglycans |
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effects of histamine |
related to type of histamine receptors in cell -inflammation -contracts smooth muscle in bronchi, gi tract, and uterus -increases broncial, intestinal, salivary secretions -dilation of cerebral blood vessels -stimulates secretion of gastric juices -stimulates nerve endings to cause pain and intching |
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mast cell mediator synthesis made by |
these are made by mast cell when it is stimulated |
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lipid mediators |
protaglandins leukotrienes platelet-activating factor |
