Module 4 Class 2

Front 1

the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system are the....

Back 1

arteries, veins, and capillaries

Front 2

hollow organ located in the thoracic or chest cavity to the left of the midline of the body, between the lungs, in a space called the mediastinum

Back 2

the heart (the heart is essentially a pump, linked to every cell of the body, either directly or indirectly, through a network of veins, arteries, and capillaries.)

Front 3

a combining form meaning "heart"

Back 3

cardio

Front 4

a system composed of the heart and blood vessel

Back 4

cardiovascular system

Front 5

term meaning "blood vessel"

Back 5

vascular

Front 6

the heart receives its blood supply from the...

Back 6

right coronary artery and the left coronary artery.

Front 7

cardiovascular system has two branches:

Back 7

the circumflex, which goes around the heart and the left anterior descending artery. There is also a large or great cardiac vein.

Front 8

tip or pointed end of the hear in the downward position

Back 8

apex

Front 9

flat end of the heart located in the upward position; on the side closer to the head

Back 9

base

Front 10

the wall between the atria; wall between the two upper chambers or atria of the heart

Back 10

interatrial septum

Front 11

wall between the ventricles; wall between the two lower chambers of the heart

Back 11

interventricular septum

Front 12

membrane lining the inside of the heart; membrane located inside the heart lining the chamber

Back 12

endocardium

Front 13

muscle of the heart itself; the muscle of the heart that surrounds all of the chambers of the heart

Back 13

myocardium

Front 14

membrane located on the heart muscle; membrane that covers the heart muscle

Back 14

epicardium

Front 15

membrane that goes around the heart muscle (This membrane forms the sac that encloses the heart.)

Back 15

pericardium

Front 16

small collection of tissue located in the right atrium

Back 16

sinoatrial node

Front 17

chamber on the upper right side of the heart; chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body by way of inferior and superior venae cavae

Back 17

right atrium

Front 18

chamber on the upper left side of the heart; chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins

Back 18

left atrium

Front 19

chamber on the lower right side of the heart; belly-shaped chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs by way of the pulmonary artery

Back 19

right ventricle

Front 20

chamber on the lower left side of the heart-bell like chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body by way of the aorta (It is the stronger of the two ventricles.)

Back 20

left ventricle

Front 21

vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body; cava means "hollow"; this vein is so named because it is empty or hollow after death

Back 21

inferior vena cava

Front 22

vein that carries blood from the upper part of the body (It is named similarly to the inferior vena cava)

Back 22

superior vena cava

Front 23

blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Back 23

pulmonary artery

Front 24

vessel that returns blood from the right lung to the heart

Back 24

right pulmonary artery

Front 25

vessel that returns blood from the left lung to the heart

Back 25

left pulmonary artery

Front 26

this vessel is named aorta because it "rises up" from the heart and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

Back 26

aorta

Front 27

three-pointed, triangular flaps of tissue that controls the flow of blood between two chambers

Back 27

tricuspid valve

Front 28

flap of tissue that controls the flow of blood to the lungs (It is called a semilunar valve because the flaps resemble half moons.)

Back 28

pulmonary valve

Front 29

flap of tissue that controls the flow of blood between the left ventricle and the aorta

Back 29

aortic valve

Front 30

two-part valve made up of flaps that control the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle (It is also known as the mitral valve because of the resemblance to the mitered hat worn by some clergy)

Back 30

bicuspid valve, also known as the mitral valve

Front 31

valves normally prevent back flow of blood from one chamber to the next chamber. For example....

Back 31

the tricuspid valve prevents blood that originated in the right atrium from flowing back into the atrium from the ventricle

Front 32

our heartbeats are...

Back 32

automatic, rhythmic, and repetitive contractions of the heart muscle

Front 33

heart muscle contractions produce the...

Back 33

pumping action of the heart. We now know that this pumping action circulates blood throughout the body.

Front 34

our heartbeats include a...

Back 34

contraction phase and a relaxation phase

Front 35

the contraction phase is called

Back 35

systole

Front 36

the relaxation phase is referred to as...

Back 36

diastole

Front 37

the normal heartbeat is produced by an electrical impulse originating in the....

Back 37

sinoartrial node in the heart.

Front 38

the electrical impulse travels through the heart muscle, causing the contraction, referred to as...

Back 38

conduction

Front 39

action in which the electrical impulses for the contraction (forceful squeezing) of the heart muscle are transferred throughout the heart

Back 39

conduction

Front 40

thickening and shortening of the heart muscle that causes it to draw the walls together (contract), causing the space inside the heart to be smaller, resulting in blood being forced out of the space (This phase is also referred to as the systolic phase.)

Back 40

contraction

Front 41

pulsation of the heart including both the diastolic and systolic phases

Back 41

heartbeat

Front 42

sounds that are caused by the vibration of the heart valves and walls of the heart and and blood rushing through the heart and great vessels

Back 42

heart sounds

Front 43

impact of the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta that is felt as several points throughout the body where arteries come close to the surface

Back 43

pulse

Front 44

return of the heart muscle to a resting state, increasing the space in the heart and allowing blood to flow into the heart (Remember that we also call this the diastolic phase.)

Back 44

relaxation

Front 45

small mass of tissue located in a depressed area of the right atrium (It is from this tissue that the electrical impulse triggers the heartbeat)

Back 45

sinostrial node

Front 46

normal heart rate, which begins at the sinoatrial node

Back 46

sinus rhythm

Front 47

when the electrical system of the heart is affected by any external or internal interference...

Back 47

it can have life-threatening consequences.

Front 48

blood vessel leading away from the heart (The term artery literally means "away from.")

Back 48

artery

Front 49

small artery

Back 49

arteriole

Front 50

blood vessel between the ends of the arteries and the beginnings of veins

Back 50

capillary

Front 51

root word meaning "vein"

Back 51

phleb

Front 52

blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart (Veins drain a part or organ and carry blood back to the heart. The term vein, literally means "to come to.")

Back 52

vein

Front 53

literally means small vein

Back 53

venule

Front 54

the heart's blood supply. It nourishes the heart muscle. The path that the blood vessels take encircles the heart in a crown-like fashion. That is why we term it coronary circulation

Back 54

coronary circulation

Front 55

refers to the circulation of blood flowing through blood vessels around the outside of the body, away from the heart. it includes the circulation of the extremities --- arms and legs.

Back 55

peripheral vascular circulation

Front 56

circulation that carries blood and absorbed food products from the intestine to the liver.

Back 56

portal or hepatic circulation

Front 57

right-sided circulation. The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, then back from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart.

Back 57

pulmonary circulation

Front 58

the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood, and the only veins carrying oxygenated blood...

Back 58

pulmonary

Front 59

left-sided circulation. Blood from the left atrium flows into the left ventricle and is pumped to all parts of the body through the aorta

Back 59

general body circulation

Front 60

(in front of/in back of) are terms used to describe the location of a blood vessel in relation to other body organs or structures.

Back 60

anterior/posterior

Front 61

(going up/going down) are terms used to describe the direction of the blood vessel in relation to the head; ascending goes up and descending goes down

Back 61

ascending/descending

Front 62

(goes around/goes across) are terms used to describe the direction of blood vessels in relation to the organs with which they are associated

Back 62

circumflex/transverse

Front 63

indicates that the blood vessels travel a similar tract alongside another blood vessel; this usually indicates that the blood vessel is not the major vessel of an organ or structure

Back 63

collateral

Front 64

describes the central part of a blood vessel from which other sections divide

Back 64

common

Front 65

(large/small) describes the size relationship of blood vessels with the same name

Back 65

great/small

Front 66

describes the location of a blood vessel in relation to other blood vessels with the same name

Back 66

highest

Front 67

the suffix indicating that the blood vessel goes between organs or structures

Back 67

inter (between)

Front 68

(inside/outside) describes the location of the organs that the blood vessels either supply or drain

Back 68

internal/external

Front 69

(outside/inside) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to planes of the body

Back 69

lateral/medial

Front 70

a prefix signifying the backward direction of a blood vessel in relation to the body plane

Back 70

retro

Front 71

(surface/deep) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to the center of the body

Back 71

superficial/deep

Front 72

(above/below) describes the location of blood vessels in relation to another blood vessel with the same name.

Back 72

superior/inferior

Front 73

(above/below) describes the location of a blood vessel in relation to other body organs or structures; these terms are prefixes and are always aligned to the name of a blood vessel

Back 73

supra/sub

Front 74

LOCATE VESSELS

Back 74

LOCATE VESSELS

Front 75

bluish tinge to the tips of the extremities

Back 75

acrocyanosis

Front 76

strangling pain in the chest area

Back 76

angina pectoris

Front 77

pulse rate at the apex of the heart

Back 77

apical pulse rate

Front 78

condition in which the normal rhythm of the heart is absent

Back 78

dysrhythmia

Front 79

rapid contraction of the atria of the heart

Back 79

atrial flutter

Front 80

process of listening for heart sounds with a stethoscope

Back 80

auscultation

Front 81

pressure of the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels (The blood pressure is recorded in two numbers, one on top of the other. the top number represents the contraction of the heart while the lower number represents the relaxation of the heart muscle. This is the systolic blood pressure over the diastolic blood pressure.)

Back 81

blood pressure

Front 82

condition in which the heartbeat is slower than normal

Back 82

bradycardia

Front 83

discoloration of the skin that results from breaking of superficial blood vessels with the release of blood into the tissue (This can also be termed an ecchymotic area.)

Back 83

bruise

Front 84

abnormal sounds heard while listening with a stethoscope over a partially obstructed vessel

Back 84

bruit

Front 85

condition in which the heart is enlarged

Back 85

cardiomegaly

Front 86

disease state of the heart muscle itself

Back 86

cardiomyopathy

Front 87

limping that results from a decrease of blood supply to the legs

Back 87

claudication

Front 88

use of sound to produce a picture of the sound waves from different parts of the heart

Back 88

echocardiogram

Front 89

record of the electrical activity of the heart (the letter K is used because the original spelling of the word was based on foreign spelling.)

Back 89

electrocardiogram or EKG or ECG

Front 90

sometimes referred to as premature contractions of the heart (In this situation the heart contracts more often than it should.)

Back 90

extrasystole

Front 91

uncontrolled twitching of heart muscle fibers

Back 91

fibrillation

Front 92

sound heard through a stethoscope, produced by abnormal opening and closing of the valves in the heart or by abnormal flow of blood through the heart (A murmur may not be an abnormal condition depending on the age of the patient.)

Back 92

murmur

Front 93

awareness of an abnormally strong or abnormally rapid beating of one's heart

Back 93

palpitation

Front 94

pulse rate at the wrist that can be felt near the end of the radius bone

Back 94

radial pulse rate

Front 95

instrument for measuring blood pressure

Back 95

sphygmomanometer

Front 96

instrument used to hear the sounds produced in the neck, chest, heart, and abdomen

Back 96

stethoscope

Front 97

condition in which the heart beats faster than normal

Back 97

tachycardia

Front 98

fine vibration felt by the hand on the chest surface, resulting from a loud murmur

Back 98

thrill

Front 99

constriction or narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel

Back 99

vasoconstriction

Front 100

widening of a diameter of a blood vessel

Back 100

vasodilatation or vasodilation

Front 101

uncontrolled twitching of heart muscle fibers

Back 101

fibrillation

Front 102

sound heard through a stethoscope, produced by abnormal opening and closing of the valves in the heart or by abnormal flow of blood through the heart (A murmur may not be an abnormal condition depending on the age of the patient.)

Back 102

murmur

Front 103

awareness of an abnormally strong or abnormally rapid beating of one's heart

Back 103

palpitation

Front 104

pulse rate at the wrist that can be felt near the end of the radius bone

Back 104

radial pulse rate

Front 105

instrument for measuring blood pressure

Back 105

sphygmomanometer

Front 106

instrument used to hear the sounds produced in the neck, chest, heart, and abdomen

Back 106

stethoscope

Front 107

condition in which the heart beats faster than normal

Back 107

tachycardia

Front 108

fine vibration felt by the hand on the chest surface, resulting from a loud murmur

Back 108

thrill

Front 109

constriction or narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel

Back 109

vasoconstriction

Front 110

widening of a diameter of a blood vessel

Back 110

vasodilatation or vasodilation

Front 111

increase in the size of the ventricle of the heart

Back 111

ventricular hypertrophy

Front 112

dilation or widening of a blood vessel caused by weakness in the wall of the blood vessel

Back 112

aneurysm

Front 113

the cessation of the heartbeat

Back 113

arrest

Front 114

disease characterized by hardening of the walls of the arteries

Back 114

arteriosclerosis

Front 115

a pathological state where the coronary arteries have become hardened

Back 115

arteriosclerotic heart disease or ASHD

Front 116

form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substances deposit in and between the layers of the lining of arteries

Back 116

atherosclerosis

Front 117

condition in which there is death of tissue because of lack of blood supply through the blood vessels

Back 117

avascular necrosis

Front 118

inflammation of the inside lining of the heart caused by bacteria

Back 118

bacterial endocarditis

Front 119

sudden failure of circulatory system and respiratory systems, resulting in a profound degree of shock

Back 119

circulatory collapse

Front 120

heart defect that a child is born with

Back 120

congenital heart defect

Front 121

condition in which the heart fails to pump blood adequately, and causes congestion or backup of blood

Back 121

congestive heart failure

Front 122

form of heart disease resulting from disease in the lungs

Back 122

corpulmonale

Front 123

pathology that is present in the coronary vessels that supply blood to the heart

Back 123

coronary artery disease

Front 124

obstruction to circulation of blood in the heart

Back 124

coronary occlusion

Front 125

ball of clotted blood and possibly other substances that is carried within the bloodstream

Back 125

embolus

Front 126

sudden seizure of pain and inability of the heart to function because of an interference in coronary circulation

Back 126

heart attack

Front 127

normal path of the electrical conduction through the heart is blocked, preventing normal contractions of the heart

Back 127

heart block

Front 128

tumor consisting of blood vessels

Back 128

hemangioma

Front 129

swelling that contains blood

Back 129

hematoma

Front 130

dilated vein filled with blood in the area of the anal sphincter

Back 130

hemorrhoid

Front 131

elevation of the blood pressure above normal limits

Back 131

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Front 132

condition of blood pressure below what is considered normal limits

Back 132

hypotension

Front 133

necrosis or death of a portion of the heart muscle

Back 133

myocardial infarction

Front 134

action of the muscle of the heart is not adequate

Back 134

myocardial insufficiency

Front 135

decrease in the blood supply to the muscle of the heart

Back 135

myocardial ischemia

Front 136

inflammation of a vein

Back 136

phlebitis

Front 137

condition in which there is constriction or narrowing of the main blood vessel to the lungs

Back 137

pulmonary stenosis

Front 138

damage to the heart and scarring of the heart valves as a result of rheumatic fever

Back 138

rheumatic heart disease

Front 139

collapse of circulatory function (There are several types of shock: anaphylactic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and hypvolemic.)

Back 139

shock

Front 140

cardiac condition in which fluid builds up in the pericardial sac around the heart muscle to a point that the heartbeat is impaired

Back 140

tamponade

Front 141

inflammation of a vein that results in the formation of a blood clot

Back 141

thrombophlebitis

Front 142

blood clot attached to the wall inside a blood vessel

Back 142

thrombus

Front 143

pathology of the valves of the heart

Back 143

valvular disease (there are three types: insufficiency, regurgitation, and stenosis)

Front 144

valve that does not work efficiently

Back 144

valvular insufficiency

Front 145

valve does not close completely, allowing some blood to flow backward

Back 145

valvular regurgitation

Front 146

condition in which there is a narrowing of the opening of a valve

Back 146

valvular stenosis

Front 147

enlarged, twisted veins, particularly in the lower extremities

Back 147

varicose veins

Front 148

procedure in which a small catheter with a balloon on the end is inserted into a blood vessel to reshape the inside of the vessel

Back 148

angioplasty

Front 149

surgery done on blood vessels for the purpose of placing a graft that will bypass an occluded or blocked blood vessel

Back 149

bypass surgery

Front 150

act of restoring consciousness by forcing air into the lungs and forcing blood from the heart

Back 150

cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR

Front 151

stopping the uncontrolled twitching of the heart through the use of medications or electric shock

Back 151

defibrillation

Front 152

surgical removal of a blood clot

Back 152

embolectomy

Front 153

surgical removal of a thrombus and the abnormally thickened inside lining of an artery

Back 153

endarterectomy

Front 154

procedure in which the heart of one person is put into the body of another person

Back 154

heart transplant

Front 155

injection into a vein is essential nutrients or drugs for the treatment of disease (It is referred to as IV therapy)

Back 155

intravenous therapy

Front 156

surgical cutting of the seam of the two flaps of the mitral valve

Back 156

mitral commissurotomy

Front 157

surgical procedure during which the heart is opened

Back 157

open-heart surgery

Front 158

implanting of an artificial device that keeps the rate of the heart in a desirable range

Back 158

valve replacement

Front 159

a repair of a defective heart valve

Back 159

valvuloplasty

Front 160

puncture of a vein with a needle or the insertion of a catheter

Back 160

venipunture

Front 161

drugs that work against the clotting of blood

Back 161

anticoagulant

Front 162

drugs that work against the strangling pain in the chest

Back 162

antianginal agents

Front 163

class of medicines that work agains teh lack of rhythm of the heart (These drugs restore normal rhythm)

Back 163

antidysrrhythmic agents

Front 164

drugs that break apart blood clots

Back 164

thrombolytic agents

Front 165

drugs that act to narrow or constrict blood vessels

Back 165

vasoconstrictor agents

Front 166

drugs that act to widen or dilate blood vessels

Back 166

vasodilators