Module 3 Class 1

Front 1

muscle tissue is everywhere in the body. the heart itself is a muscle. the following are functions of muscles:

Back 1

support the body, permit movement, and produce body heat

Front 2

muscle means

Back 2

little mouse. It probably got its name because of how muscle has a rippling action when it is stimulated.

Front 3

myo

Back 3

is a combining form that means "muscle"

Front 4

skeletal or voluntary means

Back 4

this literally means that we control their movements. They are attached to the skeleton and consist of striated tissue.

Front 5

skeletal or voluntary do...

Back 5

move body parts and the body, maintain posture, cause voluntary and reflex movements, and produce body heat

Front 6

visceral or involuntary

Back 6

this means that we cannot control their movements. They contain smooth muscle tissue. They are found in organs such as the stomach and intestine.

Front 7

cardiac or involuntary:

Back 7

this muscle is composed of striated tissue under the control of the autonomic nervous system and specialized neuromuscular tissue located within the right atrium.

Front 8

muscle tissue cells perform...

Back 8

specific activities and vary greatly in their size and strength. Because they are generally long and slender with threadlike shape, muscle cells are termed "fibers."

Front 9

connective tissue holds...

Back 9

muscle fiber together. A fibrous membrane sheath called "fascia" encloses bundles of muscle fibers.

Front 10

several of the muscular structures have special names. A muscle fiber's plasma membrane is called a

Back 10

sarcolemma and the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm

Front 11

tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to the....

Back 11

periosteum, a fibrous membrane that covers the bone

Front 12

muscles depend

Back 12

on one another to produce movement. Muscles rarely act alone.

Front 13

the prime movers are

Back 13

muscles that actively produce movement.

Front 14

the antagonists are

Back 14

muscles that oppose the prime movers and relax as the prime movers contract.

Front 15

the synergists...

Back 15

contract along with the prime movers and help produce the movement or provide stability

Front 16

during muscle contraction, one of the bones to which a muscle is attached remains stationary while the other pulls in the opposite direction. The area where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone is called the...

Back 16

"origin"

Front 17

the area where the muscle attaches to the more moveable bone is labeled the...

Back 17

"insertion." The origin usually lies on the proximal end of the bone, and the insertion site is usually on the distal end.

Front 18

the top of the head does not contain...

Back 18

muscles, but it does have a broad, flat tendon called epicranial aponeurosis. this tendon connects several nearby muscle groups.

Front 19

the occipitalis muscle...

Back 19

pulls the scalp backward

Front 20

the frontalis muscle...

Back 20

pulls the scalp forward

Front 21

when we raise our eyebrows and wrinkle our foreheads, we are using...

Back 21

the frontalis muscle

Front 22

the temporoparietal group includes the...

Back 22

temporalis muscle, which tightens the scalp and moves the ears forward

Front 23

the auricular group contains...

Back 23

three muscles (the anterior, superior, and posterior), which moves the ear forward, upward, and backward

Front 24

the buccinator muscles, also called the...

Back 24

"trumpeter muscle," compresses the cheeks for smiling or blowing. (because we call the buccinator muscle, the trumpeter muscle, it is easy to visualize someone blowing on a trumpet and using this muscle)

Front 25

the corrugator supercilii brings...

Back 25

the eyebrows together in a frown. (Think of a corrugated box, a box with wrinkles.)

Front 26

when we widen our eyes in amazement, the...

Back 26

orbicularis oculi moves the eyelids

Front 27

the masseter muscles are the...

Back 27

chewing muscles

Front 28

the pterygoids...

Back 28

open and close the mouth

Front 29

the sternocleidomastoid are...

Back 29

paired muscles on either side of the neck that allow one to move one's head. The long name combines the muscle's origin in the sternum and clavicles with their insertion point in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

Front 30

the trapezius muscle on the back of the neck raises and lowers the...

Back 30

shoulders---"shrugs the shoulders"

Front 31

the arms can be crossed when the...

Back 31

pectoralis major muscle adducts and flexes the upper arm

Front 32

the diaphragm..

Back 32

a dome shaped muscle located in the chest, flattens during inspiration to increase the size and the volume of the chest or thoracic cavity. This movement permits air to enter the lungs.

Front 33

the external intercostals...

Back 33

lift the ribs during breathing

Front 34

the internal intercostals...

Back 34

lowers the ribs during expiration

Front 35

muscles of the abdominal cavity form three layers:

Back 35

the external obliques (the outermost), the internal obliques (the middle), and the transversus abdominus (with fibers extending in different directions).

Front 36

the three layers form a strong support of muscles that protects and supports the itnernal organs. They contract during...

Back 36

childbirth, defecation, coughing, and sneezing

Front 37

the rectus abdominis muscle runs...

Back 37

down the midline of the abdomen and helps flex the spinal column as well as giving support to the abdomen.

Front 38

the triceps brachii extends...

Back 38

the lower arm

Front 39

the brachialis flexes...

Back 39

the lower arm

Front 40

the biceps brachii flexes...

Back 40

the lower arm and supinates (turns upward) the arm along with the hand.

Front 41

the pronator teres flexes...

Back 41

and pronates (rotates the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward) the lower arm.

Front 42

the muscular "floor" called the...

Back 42

perineum gives support to the pelvic opening. The perineum occupies the space between the anus and vagina in females and the anus and scrotum in males.

Front 43

the levator ani muscle and the coccygeus muscle support the...

Back 43

pelvic organs and assist in childbirth and defecation. the sphincter ani muscle keeps the anus closed.

Front 44

there are how many groups of muscles that affect the movement of the thighs and upper leg area?

Back 44

three groups

Front 45

internal obturator

Back 45

(cross the front of the hip) laterally rotates the thigh and extends and abducts the thigh when flexed.

Front 46

external obturator

Back 46

(cross the front of the hip) along with both the superior and inferior gemelius, laterally rotates the thigh as well.

Front 47

piriformis

Back 47

(cross the front of the hip) laterally abducts, rotates, and extends the thigh.

Front 48

quadratus femoris

Back 48

(cross the front of the hip) flexes and extends the leg in addition to laterally rotating the thigh.

Front 49

the back or rear area of the body...

Back 49

there are the gluteals

Front 50

gluteus minimus and medius

Back 50

that abducts and rotates the thigh

Front 51

glutenus maximus

Back 51

that extends and rotates the thigh

Front 52

the third group, the adductors, includes the powerful...

Back 52

longus, brevis, and magnus muscles which draw back the thighs after abduction

Front 53

the gracilis...

Back 53

flexes and adducts the leg as well as adducting the thigh

Front 54

there are two groups of muscles that move the...

Back 54

lower leg.

Front 55

the first, the quadriceps femoris, includes...

Back 55

the vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius, all of which work to extend the leg.

Front 56

the rectus femoris

Back 56

flexes the thigh and extends the leg

Front 57

other lower leg muscles include the gastrocnemius, which...

Back 57

flexes the leg and extends the foot and is commonly called the calf muscle

Front 58

the achilles tendon attaches to the...

Back 58

gastrocnemius muscle and the sartorius, which flexes and adducts the leg in a cross-legged or "tailor" position

Front 59

extrinsic foot muscles

Back 59

located in the leg, but pull on tendons that move bones in the ankle and foot. These muscles permit dorsiflexion (backward movement at the ankle), planter flexion (movement toward the toes), inversion (turn inward), eversion (turn outward) of the foot.

Front 60

within the foot are the...

Back 60

intrinsic foot muscles. These muscles produce flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes.

Front 61

myopathy

Back 61

any disease of skeletal muscles

Front 62

myalgia

Back 62

muscle pain or tenderness

Front 63

myoclonus

Back 63

spasm of a muscle

Front 64

myotasis

Back 64

continual stretching of a muscle, commonly referred to as a "pulled muscle"

Front 65

myotonia

Back 65

chronic muscle contraction or irriability

Front 66

tenalgia

Back 66

pain in a tendon such as tennis elbow

Front 67

tetany

Back 67

hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles

Front 68

tic

Back 68

small muscle spasm

Front 69

a symptom is...

Back 69

a subjective description of a health problem. It is subjective because it comes directly from the words of the patient and his family

Front 70

a sign is finding discovered by...

Back 70

a physician, nurse, dentist, etc. upon examining the patient. It is objective because it doesn't come directly from the patient

Front 71

myomalacia

Back 71

a muscle softening

Front 72

myoatrophy

Back 72

muscle wasting

Front 73

myonecrosis

Back 73

death of muscle tissue fibers

Front 74

myosclerosis

Back 74

muscle hardening

Front 75

myobradia

Back 75

muscle that reacts slowing to prodding (May result from tissue wasting or tissue death).

Front 76

myospasm

Back 76

when a muscle convulses when prodded (this may signal an inflammation of the voluntary muscle tissue or myositis.)

Front 77

Tinel's sign

Back 77

a tingling over the median nerve on light percussion (tapping with a medical hammer) which occurs in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 78

phalen's maneuver

Back 78

used to reproduce the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. In this test the individual vertically extends his/her forearm while allowing complete flexion at the wrists for one minute.

Front 79

compression test

Back 79

assists in confirming a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. A blood pressure cuff is placed on the forearm and inflated above the patient's systolic blood pressure for one to two minutes. If carpal tunnel syndrome is present, this intervention produces paresthesia (loss of sensation) along the distribution of the median nerve.

Front 80

enzymes that are elevated or simply present in an individual's blood may indicate...

Back 80

muscle pathology. Blood tests are given names of the enzyme or acid they are designed to detech.

Front 81

hormone levels or the presence of other substances in the urine can also be key to determining...

Back 81

muscular disorders

Front 82

muscle biopsy

Back 82

the use of a syringe or scalpel incision to remove the small portion of muscle tissue for examination. Microscopic samples of muscle tissue are often required for an accurate diagnosis of muscle disorders.

Front 83

computerized tomography scan

Back 83

uses multiple x-ray beams that pass through the body at different angles, striking radiation detectors that produce electrical impulses. A computer converts the impulses into digital information that detects tumors in muscle tissue.

Front 84

electromyogram

Back 84

records the electrical activity of skeletal muscles through surface or needle electrodes. This test is used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and determine the exact location of motor neuron lesions.

Front 85

magnetic resonance imagining device

Back 85

uses a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency energy to produce images based on the hydrogen content of body tissues. It is also known as nuclear magnetic resonance and used to diagnose muscle disorders.

Front 86

atrophy

Back 86

wasting of muscles

Front 87

contractures

Back 87

the abnormal flexion and fixation of joints (they are usually caused by muscle atrophy and may be permanent)

Front 88

foot drop

Back 88

the failure to maintain the foot in a normally flexed position (it is not uncommon to see people with foot drop "dragging" their foot or feet. This is a relatively common problem that results from trauma or paralysis.)

Front 89

shin splints

Back 89

a strain of the long flexor muscle of the toes caused by strenuous athletic activity

Front 90

spastic paralysis

Back 90

the involuntary contraction of a muscle with an associated loss or function

Front 91

sprain

Back 91

complete or incomplete tear in the supporting ligaments surrounding a joint

Front 92

strain

Back 92

an injury to a muscle or tendinous attachment

Front 93

fibriod tumor or leiomyoma

Back 93

a benign (noncancerous) tumor found in smooth muscle. This is usually seen in the uterus.

Front 94

leiomyosarcoma

Back 94

a malignant (cancerous) tumor of smooth muscle (Generally found in the uterus).

Front 95

myoblastoma

Back 95

a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue

Front 96

myofibroma

Back 96

a tumor containing muscular and fibrous tissue

Front 97

myosarcoma

Back 97

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

Front 98

rhabdomyoma

Back 98

a benign tumor of striated muscle

Front 99

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 99

a very malignant tumor that has its origins in striated muscle cells

Front 100

bursitis

Back 100

a painful inflammation of one or more of the bursae, closed sacs that cushion muscles and tendons over bony prominences, such as the shoulder or elbow

Front 101

epicondylitis

Back 101

referred to as "tennis elbow" (it is an inflammation of the tendons in the forearm at their attachment to the humerus.)

Front 102

fascitis

Back 102

inflammation of the fasciae

Front 103

myocellulitis

Back 103

inflammation of the cellular tissue within muscle

Front 104

myofibrosis

Back 104

an overgrowth of fibrous tissue inside muscle

Front 105

myositis purulenta

Back 105

any bacterial infection of the muscle tissue that could result in pus formation and eventually progress into gangrene. (When gangrene sets in, the tissue dies. This infection can result from wounds that may or may not begin in the muscle.)

Front 106

tendonitis

Back 106

a painful inflammation of tendons and their muscle attachments to the bone (trauma, congenital defects, or rheumatic diseases are usually the cause)

Front 107

achilles tendon contracture

Back 107

a shortening of the Achilles tendon. It can cause pain and reduced dorsiflexion.

Front 108

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 108

a painful disorder of the wrist and hand that results from rapid, repetitive use of the fingers

Front 109

Dupuytren's contracture

Back 109

a progressive, painless contracture of the palmar fascia, causing the last two fingers to contract toward the palm of the hand.

Front 110

fibromyalgia syndrome

Back 110

a chronic disorder with an unknown cause, producing pain in the muscles, bones, or joints

Front 111

muscular dystrophy

Back 111

a group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by weakness and progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement.

Front 112

myasthesnia gravis

Back 112

an unusual weakness and fatigability seen most often in the face and throat, resulting from an error or defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction

Front 113

torticollis

Back 113

a neck deformity characterized by neck muscles that are spastic and shortened. The condition results in the head being bent toward the affected side and the chin rotating toward the unaffected side.

Front 114

treatment

Back 114

rest, immobilization with a sling, splint (orthopedic appliance - it immobilizes and supports an injured body part), cast or brace (rigid support of an extremity), and ice (cold compresses or hot compresses - may be wet or dry)

Front 115

aspiration

Back 115

removal of fluid from a joint with a hollow needle

Front 116

neurolysis

Back 116

surgical freeing of nerve fibers (This procedure is used to relieve the muscular compression of nerves, such as that which occurs with carpal tunnel syndrome.)

Front 117

short wave diathermy

Back 117

heat from insulated electrical current to control pain and decrease muscle spasms

Front 118

massage

Back 118

manipulation, methodical pressure, friction, and kneading to promote circulation, relieve pain, and reduce tension.

Front 119

there are many, but two classifications of drugs stand out in treatment of muscle disorders:

Back 119

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants. In some cases, steroids are also prescribed. Both nonsteroidal and steroidal drugs reduce inflammation