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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define phonation
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The production of sound
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Define larynx & location
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the organ of phonation; made of hyaline & elastic cartilage; does not produce the sound you hear; located in the midline of the neck
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Define the vocal folds
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the part of the larynx that vibrates to produce the sound of your voice; made of muscle covered by mucous membrane
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Define the vocal or glottic tone
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the sound produced by vibrating vocal folds (different than what you hear), and is changed by the vocal tract above
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Define the vocal tract
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the resonating chamber that changes our voice to make it unique (enhances & dampens frequencies); includes the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
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Define the hyoid bone and it's location
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the only bone in the body without a direct connection to any other bone; the larynx is suspended from this bone; located between the base of the tongue and the larynx
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What bone gets crushed when strangled?
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hyoid bone
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What is the function of the larynx?
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Primary: airway protection/ biological
Secondary: communication; it produces sound through the vocal folds |
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Describe the vocal folds during:
-deep breathing -quiet breathing -voicing -lifting |
deep breathing- maximally opened
quiet breathing- open, slightly closed, open, slightly closed voicing- vibrating lifting- completely closed |
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Describe one cycle of vocal fold vibration
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closed- opening- open- closing
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Define abducted vs. adducted
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abducted- the vocal folds are open
adducted- the vocal folds are closed |
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Define subglottic pressure
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the air pressure beneath closed vocal folds, ie. when you breath in before you speak
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Hyoid Bone:
-location -uniqueness -attachments |
location: base of the tongue
uniqueness: only bone not attached to another bone attachments: attaches to the skull above, and the larynx below |
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Click here and label the parts of
the hyoid bone: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APLab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_03/Hyoid_Bone/Unit_03-14a.jpg |
1- Greater horns (cornu, projected posteriorly)
2- Lesser horns (cornu, projected superiorly) 3- Body (anterior) |
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Name the hyoid "sling muscles"/ suprahyoid musculature and their origin, insertion, and action
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1. Styolohyoid
origin: styloid process/ insertion: hyoid/ action: elevates hyoid 2. Digastric (ant. & post. bellies) origin: post.-mastoid process, ant.-mandible/ insertion: (both) hyoid/ action: elevate hyoid 3. Geniohyoid origin: mandible/ insertion: hyoid/ action: hyoid elevation 4. Mylohyoid (the floor of your mouth origin: mandible/ insertion: hyoid/ action: elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth |
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Name the hyoid "strap muscles"/ infrahyoid musculature and their origin, insertion, and action
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1. Thyrohyoid
origin: thyroid cartilage/ insertion: hyoid/ action: depresses hyoid, unless fixed 2. Sternohyoid origin: sternum/ insertion: hyoid/ action: depresses the hyoid & larynx 3. Sternothyoid origin: sternum/ insertion: thyroid cartilage/ action: depresses the larynx & hyoid 4. Omohyoid origin: scapula/ insertion: hyoid/ action: depresses hyoid |
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What is the purpose of the sling muscles?
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they are extrinsic muscles of the larynx, and they move the larynx as a whole; they elevate the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx; also pull larynx upward during swallowing and for pitch change
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What is the purpose of the strap muscles?
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they pull the hyoid bone & larynx downward (except the thyrohyoid muscle, which pulls larynx upward when the hyoid bone is fixed)
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Name & describe the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
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1. Thyroid- hyaline; 2 lamina connected by a notch & 4 cornu (sup. & inf) and an angle (80 deg male, 90 deg. female)-Adam's apple; function is attachment for muscles & membranes of larynx
2. Cricoid- hyaline; like big signet ring around trachea; thin anterior arch, posterior lamina where arytenoids rest; function: foundation for other structures, hangs on to trachea through cricotracheal ligament/membrane 3. Epiglottis- elastic; looks like a leaf; superior to all other cartilages; purpose: airway protection when swallow; petiolus is where attaches to thyroid anteriorly |
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Name & describe the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx
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1. Arytenoids-hyaline, sit on top of the superior lamina of the cricoid cartilages, the corniculates sit on the apex, 3-sided pyramidal shaped, the vocal folds attach at the vocal process & intrinsic muscles of larynx attach at the muscular process, function: abduct & adduct the vocal folds
2. Corniculates- on top of arytenoids, elastic, named after the Latin word for horns, no function 3. Cuneiform- elastic, within the aryepiglottic folds & can only see tubercules, function: support aryepiglottic folds |
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Name & describe the 2 laryngeal joints
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1. Cricoarytenoid joint (CA)- abduction & adduction of the vocal folds
2. Crocothyroid joint(CT)- pitch change by elongating & stretching the vocal folds |
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Describe the mucous membrane of the larynx
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a mucous membrane that lines the vocal tract; made of epithelium (squamous cell), most common type of cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, cancer in the vocal tract
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T/F: All joints in the larynx are diarthrodial, freely mobile
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True
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Name 2 other extrinsic muscles of the tongue that elevate the larynx & hyoid bone
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Hyoglossus, genioglossus- both insert on hyoid bone
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List & describe the Extrinsic laryngeal membranes & ligaments
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1. Thyrohyoid/ hyothyroid membrane- hyoid bone to thyroid
2. medial hyothyroid ligaments & paired lateral hyothyroid ligaments- a thickening of the thyrohyoid membrane 3. Triticial Cartilage- attaches the greater horn of the hyoid to the sup. horn of the thyroid 4. Hyoepiglottic ligament- attaches hyoid bone to epiglottis 5. Cricotracheal ligament- attaches 1st trach. ring to cricoid cartilage |
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What is the purpose of the Extrinsic Laryngeal membranes & ligaments?
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to support the larynx; seperates larynx form other surrounding structures
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What is the purpose of the Intrinsic Laryngeal membranes & ligaments?
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prevent the spread of infection into the larynx; provides the greatest protection
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List & describe the Intrinsic Laryngeal membranes & ligaments
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1. Conus Elasticus- a thick membrane that lines & seperates the glottic & subglottic larynx from other structures: encompasses thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid
2. Quadrangular membrane (superior)- encompasses the supraglottic larynx; encompasses: part of thyroid & arytenoids, corniculate, epiglottis |
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What nerve is responsible for sensation & motion of the larynx?
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Vagus nerve, Cranial nerve #10 of the PNS
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From superior to inferior, list the 3 types of folds in the larynx & describe them
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1. Aryepiglottic folds- from epiglottis to arytenoid; very mobile, laterally
2. False vocal folds/ ventricular folds- don't always vibrate, but do come together when lift heavy objects; above & lateral to true vocal folds 3. True vocal folds- thyroarytenoid muscle |
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List the 3 compartments within the 5 layers of the vocal folds, which allow the folds to vibrate
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1. The Cover:
-epithelium- squamous, most typical type of cancer, outermost layer -superficial layer of Lamina Propria (Reinke's space)- most vibratory layer 2. Transition (Vocal Ligament): -Intermediate Layer of Lamina Propria -Deep Layer of Lamina Propria 3. Body: -thyroarytenoid muscle (vocalis & thyromuscularis) |
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List the 4 types of Laryngeal Investigation & their benefits
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1. Endoscopy- viewing internal structures through an instrument using a continuous halogen or xenon light. 2 types of scopes- Flexible Laryngoscope to look at swallowing, speech, nasality & Rigid Laryngoscope- through the mouth, best picture of the larynx, but can't use for swallowing, speech, resonance
2. Stroboscopy- uses a strobe light intermittently, to view vocal fold vibration; important for diagnosis 3. High-speed imaging- shows every single detail (2000 frames/sec), not missing any info, but don't know the diagnostic advantage yet 4. Radiography- examining larynx under an x-ray, best for examining swallowing, can see cartilage & bone |
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What is vocal fold approximation
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the vocal folds have to come together
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What is medial compression?
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when the folds push up against each other
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What is the Bernoulli Effect?
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responsible for the vocal folds vibrating- the closing & closed phase of vibration, and that they change pressures as they close
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Describe the vocal folds during "breathy", during "glottal attack, glottal shock":
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breathy- vocal folds partially open
glottal attack/shock- hitting vowels very hard |
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What is the vocal fold vibration rate (habitual pitch) of a male vs. female
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Male= 120 hz
Female= 220 hz |
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What is periodicity and symmetry?
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Periodicity- folds vibrating in a regular manner, the more regular the voice
Symmetry- R & L vibrating as a mirror image |
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What is the pitch changing mechanism?
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The criothyroid muscle & the cricothyroid joint, but the thyroarytenoid muscle can also when it tenses
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What is the maximum frequency range of pitch for an average person vs. trained singer?
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average- 2 octaves
trained singer- 3 octaves |
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What do you call the highest male pitch? Highest female pitch?
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male- falsetto or loft
female- whistle |
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What do you call the lowest pitch a man or a woman can produce?
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glottal fry or pulse
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What are the 2 types of nasality?
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1. Hyponasality- not much air through the nose
2. Hypernasality- too much air through the nose |
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What is the location of the infant larynx?
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C1-C3, very high! Purpose: so can breathe when suckling, protection.
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What happens to men & women when larynx ossifies & begins to atrophy?
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Women- down in pitch, due to lack of estrogen from menopause
Men- up in pitch, folds get thin & cartilages less flexible |
