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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stucture of nucleus |
Surrounded by nuclear envelope and contains DNA wound into linear chromosomes. Chromatin is genetic material made of DNA and is spread out when the cell is not dividing but when the cell is about to divide chromatin coils into chromosomes |
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Nucleus function |
Controls the cells activities, stores the genome, transmits genetic information, provides instructions for protein synthesis |
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Nucleolus structure |
Contains RNA |
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Nucleolus function |
Production of ribosomes |
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Nuclear envelope structure and function |
Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. The outer and inner membranes fuse together to allow dissolved substances and ribosomes to pass through (nuclear pores) |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (structure) |
A system of membranes that contain cisternae and are covered in ribosomes |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum function |
Intracellular transport system: ribosomes on the RER synthesise proteins that are transported through the cell. The cisternae form channels for transporting substances. Large surface are for ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins. |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure |
System of membranes containing cisternae |
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Smooth endoplasmic retuculum function |
Site of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids |
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Golgi apparatus structure |
A stack of membrane flattened sacs and secretory vesicles bring materials to the golgi apparatus |
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Golgi apparatus function |
Modifies proteins by: Adding sugar molecules to make glycoproteins Adding lipid molecules to make lipoproteins Being folded into 3D shapes The proteins are either incorperated into the plasma membrane or are moved outside the cell |
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Mitochondria structure |
Spherical, rod shaped or branched 2-5 micrometres long Surrounded by two membranes with fluid filled space between them. The inner membrane is folded into cisternae and is a fluid filled matrix |
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Mitochondria function |
Site of ATP production during aerobic respiration Self replicating so more made quickly |
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Chloroplasts structure |
Organelles 4-10 micrometres long, surrounded by a double membrane and holds chloroplasts in flattened membrane sacs (thylakoids) Contains loops of DNA and starch grains |
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Chloroplasts function |
Light energy trapped in grana and water is split to supply hydrogen ions. In the storma hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates |
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Vacuole structure |
Surrounded by tonoplast (membrane) and contains fluid |
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Vacuole function |
Permanent vacuole is filled with water and solutes so maintains cell stability as it pushes against the cell wall making it turgid |
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Lysosomes structure |
Small bags formed from the golgi apparatus and each is surrounded by a single membrane. Contains hydrolytic enzymes and are found in phagocytic cells |
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Lysosomes function |
Separate hydrolytic enzymes from the rest of the cell. They engulf olf cell organelle and foreign matter, it then digests it for components thay can be re-used |
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Cilia and undulipodia structure |
Protrusions from the cell and are surrounded by cell surface membranes. Each cell contains microtubules and are formed from centrioles |
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Cilia and undulipodia function |
Contain receptors to allow the cell to detect signsls about the immediate environment |
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Ribosomes structure |
Spherical organelles 20nm in diametermade of ribosomal RNA. Made in the nucleus as two separate components then pass through the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm and combine. |
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Ribosomes function |
Where proteins used inside the cell are found. Protein synthesis |
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Centrioles structure |
Two bundles of microtubules at right angles to eachother Microtubules: made of protein subunits and arranged to form a cylinder |
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Centrioles function |
Before a cell divides threads of tubulin form from centrioles. Chromosomes attach to the spindle and motor proteins walk along the thread pulling chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell Centrioles are involved in forming cilia and undulipodia: Centrioles line up beneath the cell surface membrane and microtubules sprout outwards forming a cilium and undulipodium |
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Cytoskeleton structure |
Network of protein structures within the cytoplasm: •Rod like microfilaments made of actin (protein). Diameter 7nm •immediate filaments 10nm diameter •straight, cylindrical mucrotubules made of tubulin 18-30nm diameter •cytoskeleton motor proteins: myosins, kinesins, dyesins |
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Cytoskeleton function |
Protein microfilaments support the cell and keep it stable Microtubules provide shape and help substances move through the cytoplasm •form a path that motor proteins go along to drag organelles across the cell •form a spindle before the cell divides •make up the cilia, undulipodia and centrioles Immediate filaments are made of proteins and: •anchor the nucleus within the cytoplasm •stabalise tissue by enabling cell-cell signalling as they extend between cells in tissues |
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Cellulose cell wall structure |
Made of bundles of cellulose fibres |
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Cellulose cell wall structure |
Prevents plant cells from bursting when turgid Strength/support for cell and whole plant Maintains cell shape Permeable so allows solutes to pass through |
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Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes RNA and DNA |
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Prokaryotic differences |
Smaller, less developed, no centrioles No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Smaller ribosomes DNA that floats in a loop Protective waxy capsule that surrounds the cell wall Plasmids (loops of DNA) flagella Pili: allow bacteria to adhere to host cells |
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How do prokaryotic cells divide |
By binary fission |
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Summary of making and secreting a protein |
Nucleus, nuclear pore, ribosome RER, vesicle, golgi apparatus, vesicle, plasma membrane |
