Module 2 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Exocrine Glands

Back 1

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct

Front 2

Endocrine Glands

Back 2

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Front 3

Merocrine Glands

Back 3

Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material

Front 4

Apocrine Glands

Back 4

Exocrine glands that have cytoplasm in their secretions

Front 5

Holocrine Glands

Back 5

Exocrine glands that have secretions made up of disintegrated cells

Front 6

Extracellular Matrix

Back 6

The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells

Front 7

Fibroblasts

Back 7

Spindle-shaped cells that form connective tissue proper

Front 8

Chondrocytes

Back 8

Mature cartilage cells

Front 9

Stromal Cells

Back 9

"Supporting" cells that provide structure or support for parenchymal cells

Front 10

Parenchymal Cells

Back 10

"Performance" cells that provide the actual function of the tissue

Front 11

Labile Cells

Back 11

Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly

Front 12

Stable Cells

Back 12

Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the need arises

Front 13

Permanent Cells

Back 13

Cells that cannot undergo mitosis

Front 14

What are the four basic types of tissue?

Back 14

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 15

What two factors determine the distance from the free surface to the basal surface in epithelial tissue?

Back 15

The number of layers and the shape of the cells that make up those layers.

Front 16

What is the basement membrane?

Back 16

The "glue" which attaches the basal membrane to underlying tissue.

Front 17

Is the basement membrane vascular or avascular? How do epithelial cells get oxygen and nutrients?

Back 17

The basement membrane is avascular. The tissue to which the basement membrane is attached has blood vessels, and these vessels release oxygen and nutrients, which then diffuse across the basement membrane and into the cells.

Front 18

Identify the following tissues, give the tissue's main function and at least one place it can be found in the body.

Back 18

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Function: to allow for diffusion--provides a minimal barrier through which diffusion of oxygen and nutrients can occur.

Location: lining of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of the lungs.

Back 19

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function: forms a barrier

Location: skin

Back 20

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Function: performs more complex secretion and absorption tasks. Contains goblet cells that produce mucus. Protection.

Location: lining of stomach and intestines

Back 21

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Function: allows diffusion, absorption, and secretion

Location: kidneys

Front 22

Stratified Transitional Epithelium

Back 22

Function: changeable--able to stretch--protection

Location: urinary bladder

Front 23

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Back 23

Function: to produce and move mucus

Location: airways of the lungs

Front 24

Which kind of exocrine gland has no cytoplasm in its secretions?

Back 24

Merocrine Glands

Front 25

What are the four types of connective tissue?

Back 25

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, blood, and bone.

Front 26

What protein is found in all connective tissue proper?

Back 26

Collagen

Front 27

Identify the connective tissue proper by the sketch of its microscope structure. Give its function and one place in the body where it is found.

Back 27

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Function: strong binding, tensile strength

Location: ligaments, tendons

Back 28

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Function: gives strength in all directions

Location: lower layer of the skin (dermis)

Back 29

Loose Connective Tissue

Function: light-duty binding

Location: under the skin

Front 30

W

Back 30

Adipose Tissue

Function: support, protection, insulation, bracing of organs

Location: under the skin, mammary glands, around the kidneys

Front 31

Why do chondrocytes need a lacuna?

Back 31

Because cartilage matrix is firm, so the cells cannot live directly in the matrix.

Back 32

Fibrocartilage

Function: provides tough binding and resilient support.

Location: joints of the backbone.

Back 33

Hyaline Cartilage

Function: firmness with resilience

Location: the bridge of your nose, framework of your larynx, the caps on the bones of joints, and the cartilage of the ribs

Back 34

Elastic Cartilage

Function: highly flexible support.

Location: outer ear, very tip of the nose.

Front 35

Where, in general, will you find serous membranes? What do these membranes accomplish?

Back 35

Serous membranes are found in double layers around organs. They secrete a small amount of lubricating fluid into the space between the layers, thus reducing friction between organs.

Front 36

Where will you find mucous membranes? What do these membranes accomplish?

Back 36

Mucous membranes are found lining the entire digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, as well as the respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts (these tracts are all open to the outside of the body). The function of mucous membranes is to line tubes that open to the outside of the body, thus protecting the body.

Front 37

Where will you find synovial membranes? What do these membranes accomplish?

Back 37

Found around the movable joints, used for lubricating.

Front 38

An organ's parenchymal cells are labile. If the organ is damaged, will it be as good as new once it heals?

Back 38

Yes, it will just take a long time.

Front 39

In general, are connective tissue cells parenchymal or stromal?

Back 39

Connective tissue cells are generally stromal.