Module 16

Front 1

musculoskeletal system

Back 1

two-part system that gives individuals the ability to physically move.

Front 2

The two components of the musculoskeletal system

Back 2

• Skeleton
• Skeletal muscles

Front 3

what does the skeleton provide supportive structure for?

Back 3

-body
-contractions

Front 4

complete fracture

Back 4

bone is broken all the way through

Front 5

incomplete fracture

Back 5

bone is only partially fractured but is still in one piece.

Front 6

Types of Incomplete Fractures

Back 6

-greenstick
-torus
-bowing

Front 7

Aviator

Back 7

-Vertical fracture of the neck
-backward displacement of the body

Front 8

Boxer

Back 8

Fracture of the neck of the fourth or fifth metacarpal

Front 9

Clay Shoveler

Back 9

Fracture of the tip of the spinous process of the sixth or seventh cervical vertebra

Front 10

Hangman

Back 10

Fracture/dislocation of atlas and axis

Front 11

Fracture hematoma

Back 11

When bone is broken, damage to the local vasculature causes hematoma development

Front 12

Callus formation

Back 12

Dead bone tissue is either reabsorbed or becomes the foundation for deposition of new bone tissue (callus).

Front 13

what happens when the hematoma is reabsorbed unto the body?

Back 13

callus tissue develops

Front 14

callus tissue binds the broken ends of

Back 14

fractured bone together

Front 15

Bone remodeling

Back 15

callus tissue is eventually replaced by normal bone tissue

Front 16

Nonunion

Back 16

bone ends fail to grow together

Front 17

Delayed union

Back 17

Bone union does not occur until approximately 8 to 9 months after a fracture.

Front 18

Malunion

Back 18

The bone heals in an incorrect anatomic position

Front 19

Dislocation

Back 19

displacement of a bone from its normal articulation with a joint

Front 20

Subluxation

Back 20

partial abnormal separation of the articular surfaces of a joint

Front 21

Tendons

Back 21

fibrous connective tissue bands that attach muscle to bone

Front 22

Ligaments

Back 22

flexible fibrous bands that bind joints together and connect articulate bones with cartilages

Front 23

strain

Back 23

A tear in a tendon

Front 24

sprain

Back 24

tear in a ligament

Front 25

avulsion

Back 25

a tendon or ligament is separated from the bone

Front 26

1st degree sprain

Back 26

-least severe
-minor tearing of ligamentous fibers

Front 27

2nd degree sprain

Back 27

-Moderate significance
-partial tearing of the ligament

Front 28

3rd degree sprain

Back 28

-The most severe
-complete tear of the ligament

Front 29

joint

Back 29

articulation between bones

Front 30

Metabolic bone disease

Back 30

alterations in biochemical reactions that result in abnormal bone structure

Front 31

Osteomyelitis

Back 31

infectious bone disease

Front 32

Osteoporosis

Back 32

significant loss of bone mineral density and microarchitectural deterioration of trabecular bone

Front 33

primary complication of osteoporosis

Back 33

fracture

Front 34

pathophysiologic process of osteoporosis

Back 34

-increase in bone resorption
-decrease in bone formation

Front 35

vertebral compression fracture

Back 35

collapse of the anterior part of a thoracic or lumbar vertebral body

Front 36

hip fracture

Back 36

fracture at the femoral neck

Front 37

Osteomalacia (sometimes called adult rickets)

Back 37

-failure of the bone matrix to calcify -development of soft bone

Front 38

major contributing factor of Osteomalacia

Back 38

deficiency of vitamin D

Front 39

what happens in the abscence of vitamin D in osteomalacia?

Back 39

-serum calcium levels decrease
-stimulating secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Front 40

what does PTH do in osteomalacia?

Back 40

-raises serum calcium levels
-decreases serum phosphate levels

Front 41

phosphate deficiency prevents

Back 41

normal mineralization of the bones

Front 42

rickets

Back 42

Osteomalacia in children

Front 43

Paget disease

Back 43

genetic disorder characterized by enlarged and softened bones.

Front 44

Pathophysiology of Paget disease

Back 44

-excessive resorption of spongy bone -replacement of bone marrow
-thickening and enlarging of the bone.

Front 45

Osteomyelitis

Back 45

infection of the bone

Front 46

Osteomyelitis is caused by

Back 46

-bacterial infection
-viruses
- fungi
-parasites

Front 47

Exogenous osteomyelitis

Back 47

infection has entered from outside the body and infected the bone

Front 48

Endogenous osteomyelitis

Back 48

pathogens have been carried through the vascular system to the bone to cause the infection

Front 49

what do the microorganisms in osteomyelitis do?

Back 49

-invade the bone
-form small abscesses

Front 50

invasion of microorganisms in osteomyelitis cause

Back 50

-inflammatory response that weakens the bone
-predispose it to fracture

Front 51

Primary OA

Back 51

-most common musculoskeletal disorder of the elderly
- occur more often in women

Front 52

Secondary OA

Back 52

most often in individuals who have put unusual stress on joints or who have suffered joint injuries.

Front 53

OA is characterized by:

Back 53

-Loss of articular cartilage
- activation of enzymes that break down proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen

Front 54

osteophytes

Back 54

protrusions that can impinge on other structures and limit mobility

Front 55

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 55

idiopathic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies to synovial tissue.

Front 56

Neutrophils and macrophages are activated within the synovial membrane and release

Back 56

numerous inflammatory cytokines

Front 57

immune and inflammatory processes result in

Back 57

-degradation of joint tissues
-pannus

Front 58

pannus

Back 58

formation of a mass of intraarticular degradation tissue

Front 59

ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

Back 59

targets the joints of the spine and sacroiliac

Front 60

Gout

Back 60

excessive production of uric acid

Front 61

acute gouty arthritis

Back 61

affect the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the big toe

Front 62

three phases of gout

Back 62

• Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
• Acute gout arthritis
• Tophaceous gout

Front 63

Asymptomatic periods (intercritical gout)

Back 63

occur between acute episodes

Front 64

tophi

Back 64

large deposits of uric acid salts

Front 65

Skeletal muscle disorders

Back 65

-traumatic, neural, metabolic, inflammatory, or psychogenic causes. -inherited or acquired

Front 66

Fibromyalgia

Back 66

chronic musculoskeletal syndrome that can occur in a very mild state or be a very disabling disorder

Front 67

Myotonia

Back 67

delay in muscle relaxation following voluntary contraction

Front 68

Periodic paralysis

Back 68

inherited condition resulting from abnormal muscle membrane ion channels.

Front 69

abnormalities in Periodic paralysis cause

Back 69

the muscle membrane to be unresponsive to neural stimulation.

Front 70

metabolic muscle disorders

Back 70

-endocrine abnormalities
-energy metabolism disorders

Front 71

Myositis

Back 71

inflammation of the muscles

Front 72

Polymyositis

Back 72

-occur alone or with dermatomyositis
-autoimmune disorder

Front 73

Musculoskeletal tumors

Back 73

-primary lesions or as secondary lesions
-bone is rigid
-rare

Front 74

Neoplasms

Back 74

arise from bone cells, supportive tissues, or bone marrow

Front 75

Rhabdomyomas

Back 75

-rare
-treated by excision

Front 76

Rhabdomyosarcomas

Back 76

highly malignant tumors that usually occur in infants, children, and teenagers