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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three functions of the blood? |
Transportation Regulation Protection |
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What is it called when blood is thicker than water due to the amount of solute and suspended formed-elements? |
Viscosity |
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What is the temperature of blood? |
38 degrees Celsius |
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What is the pH of blood? |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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What is the volume of the blood in your body? |
4 - 6 liters depending on gender and body mass. |
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What three things are included in the formed elements? |
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and the platelets / thrombocytes |
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What is the formation of the formed elements of the blood called? |
Hematopoiesis |
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What is it called when you have too many red blood cells in the body? |
Polycythemia |
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What is it called when the red blood cells are decreased in the Body? |
Anemia |
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What's another word for a white blood cell? |
Leukocyte |
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The granules of an eosinophils stains what color? |
Red |
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The granules of the basophil stain what color? |
Dark purple / blue |
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What is it called when is an increase in the number of white blood cells in the body? |
Leukocytosis |
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What kind of cells work together to provide a powerful immune response for each type of unique role? |
White blood cells |
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What is the oxygen carrying molecule of the red cell? |
Hemoglobin |
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This molecule consisted of four heme molecules and four globin chains |
Hemoglobin |
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What is involved with hematopoiesis and specifically relates to the production and maturation of RBCs. |
Erythropoiesis |
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Oxygen deficiency in the blood is called what? |
Hypoxemia |
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The decreased amount of oxygen is detected where in the body and what does it secrete? |
Kidneys, erythropoietin |
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Name the three granulocytes. |
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
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What is it called when there's an increase in the number of white blood cells? |
Leukocytosis |
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What is it called when there's a decrease in white cell numbers? |
Leukopenia |
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Their increased granulocytes in what kind of infection bacterial or viral? |
Bacterial infection |
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Increased lymphocytes happening what kind of infection viral or bacteria? |
Viral infection |
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What's another name for platelets? |
Thrombocyte |
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This is the overall process by which bleeding is stopped. |
Hemostasis |
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What are the three steps in hemostasis? |
Step 1 vascular spasm Step 2 platelet plug formation step 3 coagulation |
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What is a stationary blood clot called? |
Thrombus |
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What is the circulating particle in a clot called that may obstruct a blood vessel? |
Embolus |
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What is the liquid portion of unclotted blood? |
Plasma |
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What is the liquid portion of clotted blood? |
Serum |
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The fibrinolytic system is also known as what kind of system? |
The unclotting system |
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Fibrinolysis is also known as what? |
Clot dissolution |
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As coagulation occurs, substances from the both the tissue and blood activate an enzyme called what to become what? |
Plasminogen, plasmin |
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What are the markers on the red blood cells called? |
Antigens |
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What is caused by a blood incompatibility between a fetus and an expectant mother? |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn hdn |
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Draining interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood, and facilitating immune responses are all part of what system? |
The lymphatic system |
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What is filtered by the capillary walls to form interstitial fluid? |
Plasma |
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What kind of lymphatic organs are located where stem cells divide to produce cells for immune functions? |
Primary organs such as bone marrow and thymus |
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What kind of lymphatic organs are locations of cell maturation in immune responses such as lymph nodes spleen lymphoid tissue tonsils malt and Etc. |
Secondary lymphatic organs / tissues |
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Part of the lymphatic system serves as a filter for lymph fluid? |
Lymph nodes |
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Skin, mucous membranes, Celia, antimicrobial chemicals, phagocytes , inflammation , and fever are all components of what kind of immunity? |
Innate immunity / non-specific non-adaptive and barriers |
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In what organ do kupffer cells originate? |
Liver |
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In what organ do alveolar macrophages originate? |
Lung |
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Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, emigration of phagocytes from the blood to the tissue, and tissue repair are the three stages to what kind of non-specific defense? |
Inflammation |
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During inflammation the redness and heat are due to the increased blood flow the swelling is because of increased vascular permeability and what are used as the pro-inflammatory chemicals released as part of inflammation that Target free nerve endings that result in the perception of pain? |
Cytokines |
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What are substances that react with products of immune system called? |
Antigen |
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Adaptive response to an antigen demonstrates specificity and memory. |
Know this |
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A substance is antigenic if it is |
Foreign, organic, structurally complex, and large enough. |
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Where do T lymphocytes originate from? |
Stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Where do T cells mature in the body? |
Thymus gland |
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Where do B lymphocytes originate and mature? |
The bone marrow |
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B lymphocytes are activated to become what kind of cells? |
Plasma cells |
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What kind of t cells destroy abnormal cells. Virally infected cells and cancer cells are their main target. They're also called cd8+ T-cells. |
T cytotoxic cells |
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What kind of T-cells keep the immune system from getting out of control. They decrease the reactivity of the other types of T cells. This is essential for maintaining self-tolerance. |
T regulatory cells |
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There are two types of adaptive immunity what are they? |
Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity |
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In what kind of adaptive immunity do T cytotoxic cells activate directly against abnormal cells such as cancer cells or even tissue transplants. |
Cell-mediated immunity |
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In what kind of adaptive immunity do B lymphocytes activated to become plasma cells which produce and secrete specific antibodies? |
Antibody mediated immunity |
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What is the group of genes that code for a group of transmembrane proteins, also called human leukocyte antigen HLA, on the surface of all nucleated cells? |
Major histocompatibility complex |
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What kind of cells detect the antigen to be then it's the rest of immune system? |
Antigen presenting cells /a PCS |
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What is the group of cytokines that have anti-viral properties and stimulators of the immune system? |
Interferon |
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What is the name for chemical signals from one cell that influence another? |
Cytokines |
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This is produced by macrophages to encourage inflammation |
Tumor necrosis Factor / tnf |
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What is a cytokine for the kidneys that increase the number and activity of Red Cell precursors in the bone marrow? |
Erythropoietin |
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Antibodies are commonly known as what? |
Immunoglobulins |
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What are produced in response to antigens to antibody mediated immunity? |
Antibodies |
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Which antibody action neutralizes toxins in by the viruses to restrict their binding to host cells? |
Neutralizing antigen |
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Which antibody action restricts the spread of motile bacteria by binding to cilia or flagella? |
Immobilizing bacteria |
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Which antibody action has multiple antigen binding sites that can result in 1 antibody binding to two or more antigens causing agglutination , binding may cause soluble antigen to become insoluble. |
Agglutinating and precipitating antigen |
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Which antibody action oxidizes / flags for phagocytosis? |
Enhance phagocytosis |
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Which class of antibodies are a monomer, that has two antigen binding sites, it has 80% of total antibody? This class of antibody also is the only class to cross the placenta, provide long-term immunity, and secondary immune response. |
IGG |
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Which class of antibodies is a pentamer and has 10 antigen binding sites? This class of antibody is short-lived, is a great activator of compliments, it is the first to be secreted by plasma cells, and it is a primary immune response. |
IgM |
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Which class of antibodies is a dimer which has four antigen binding sites? This class of antibodies is most numerous in body secretions such as breast milk, sweat, tears, saliva, and gastrointestinal fluids. |
IgA |
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Which class of antibodies is a monomer and has less than 0.1% of total antibody in the blood? This class of antibody is also involved in allergic reactions. |
IgE |
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Which class of antibody is a monomer and acts as antigen receptors on B lymphocytes? |
IgD |
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What are the three functions of the complement system? |
Step one encourages vasodilation and inflammation. Step 2 antigen opsonization / flagging for Destruction . step 3 destroys antigen |
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Platelets assist with clot formation by... |
Releasing chemicals to encourage vasoconstriction |
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The fibrinolytic system dissolves clots by... |
Converting plasminogen to plasmin |
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What does a thrombolytic do? |
Increases fibrinogen levels |
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If the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is high... |
Lymphatic fluid is formed |
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Cells which mature in the bone marrow are involved in... |
Antibody mediated immunity |
