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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition
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refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Jean Piaget
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believed that children reason differently than adults and that a child’s mind develops in a series of stages.
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Schemas
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concepts or frameworks that
organize and interpret information. |
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assimilate
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To use our schemas Piaget proposed that we _______ new experiences, or interpret them according to our schemas
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accommodate
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To use our schemas Piaget proposed that we adjust or __________our schemas accordingly.
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Sensorimotor
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Experiences the world through senses and actions. (looking, touching, mouthing and grasping)
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Preoperational
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Representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning; too young to perform mental operations
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Concrete operational
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Thinking logically about concrete event; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.
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Formal operational
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Abstract reasoning
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Birth to 2 years
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Age range for Sensorimotor
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2 to 6 or 7 years
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Age range for Preoperational
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About 7 to 11 years
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Age range for Concrete operational
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About 12 through adulthood
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Age range for Formal operational
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Developmental phenomena - sensorimotor
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-object permanence
-stranger anxiety |
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Developmental phenomena - preoperational
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-pretend play
-egocentrism -language development |
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Developmental phenomena - concrete operational
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-conversation
-mathematical transformation |
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Developmental phenomena - formal operational
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-abstract logic
-potential for mature moral reasoning |
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concept of conservation
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the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.
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DeLoache (1987)
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showed that children as young as 3 years of age are able to use metal operations. When shown a model of a dog’s hiding place behind the couch, a 2½-year-old could not locate the stuffed dog in an actual room, but the 3-year-old did.
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Egocentrism
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cannot perceive things from another’s point of view
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Egocentrism
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When asked to show her picture to mommy, 2-year-old Gabriella holds the picture facing her own eyes, believing that her mother can see it through her eyes.
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Theory of Mind
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the ability to understand another’s mental state; seeking to understand and interpret the actions and feelings of other people.
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autism
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a disorder marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind
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impaired theory of mind
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having difficulty reading inferring others’ thoughts and feelings.
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Stranger anxiety
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the fear of strangers that develops at around 8 months. infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face
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attachment
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intense and mutual infant – parent bond
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Harlow (1971)
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showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment
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critical period
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an optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development
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secure attachment
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they explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When their mother leave, they show distress.
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insecure attachment
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These children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment
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Separation anxiety
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peaks at 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care.
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Authoritarian
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Parents impose rules and expect obedience.
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Permissive
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Parents submit to children’s demands.
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Authoritative
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Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
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tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from more-skilled person
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Scaffolding
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Changing level of support over course of a teaching session to fit child’s current performance level; dialogue is important tool
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