Mods

Front 1

Primary MODS

Back 1

Organ Damage results directly from a specific cause such as ischemoa or inadequate tissue perfusion.

Front 2

Causes of Primary MODS

Back 2

Shock, Trauma or major surgery

Front 3

Sign Symptoms of MODS

Back 3

Stress and inflammatory responses may be mild and undetectable.

Front 4

Secondary MODS

Back 4

The next time there is an injury, ischemia or infection, the primed cells are activated, producing an exaggerated inflammatory response.

Front 5

Progression on secondary MODS

Back 5

The inflammatory response enters a self perpetuating cycle causing damage and vasolilation

Front 6

DIC

Back 6

Dissiminating intervascular coagulation

Front 7

MODS 24 hours after resuscitation

Back 7

Low grade fever
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Altered Mental Status
General hypermetabolic, hyperdynamic state.

Front 8

MODS within 24 to 72 hours

Back 8

Pulmonary failure begins.

Front 9

MODS within 7 to 10 days

Back 9

Hepatic failyre begins
Intestinal failure begins
Renal Failure begins

Front 10

MODS after 21 days

Back 10

Death

Front 11

Bacteria

Back 11

Single cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus.
Cause many common infections, and usually respond to antibiotic treatment

Front 12

What does Bacteria Do?

Back 12

Bacteria release toxins
-exotoxins are secreted during bacteria growth
-endotoxin are released when the bacteria die.

Front 13

Sepsis, Septicemia

Back 13

The systemic release of toxins.

Front 14

Viruses

Back 14

The most insidious
Smaller than bacteria and cause most infections

Front 15

Virus structure

Back 15

No organized cellular structure except a protein coat (capsid) surrounding the internal genetic material (RNA and DNA)

Front 16

What do Viruses do?

Back 16

Do not produce toxins
-they replicate and may cause a malignancy
-they may attack immune cells and destroy the ability to ward off infection.

Front 17

Virus treatment

Back 17

They are difficult to treat and are usually treated symptomatically. Antibiotics are given to treat secondary infections.

Front 18

Fungi

Back 18

Dont usually cause anything more serious than minor skin infections (thrush is fungal infection)

Front 19

Parasites

Back 19

are more common in developing nations than in the united states. treatment depends on the organism and its location.
(Giardia is a parasitic infection). Can be treated with antiparasitic medication.

Front 20

Prions

Back 20

Most recently reconized class of infectious agents. They are similar to viruses but do not have protective capsids. (they affect neurologic tissue)

Front 21

Anatomic Barriers

Back 21

Epithelium
Sebacious Glands
Sweat tears saliva
Mechanical responses-respiratory, urinary, GI

Front 22

3 lines of defense

Back 22

Anatomic (external, nonspecific)
Inflammatory Response (internal, nonspecific)
Immune response (internal, specific;recognizes diseases and has antibodies)

Front 23

Inflammatory Response

Back 23

Works quickly, the cleaning system, no memory, multiple plasma protein systems, multiple cell types

Front 24

Immune response

Back 24

Very specifis
Has memory (long term), has antibodies, uses lymphocytes (one blood cell type), one plasma protien system.

Front 25

Natural Immunity vs. Acquired Immunity

Back 25

Natural part of Genetic Makeup. Acquired developes as an outcome of the immune response: active-exposure, Passive:transferred from one person to another.

Front 26

Primary vs. Secondary Response

Back 26

Primary: initial development of antibodies on response to the 1st exposure.
Secondary: swift, strong response of the immune system to repeated exposures to an antigen.

Front 27

Humoral Immunity

Back 27

Humoral immunity is the long term immunity to am antigen provided by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes. Can not fight off all infections by themselves. Need both T and B cell counts to stay healthy.

Front 28

Cell Mediated Immunity

Back 28

Cell mediated immunity is short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes.

Front 29

T Lymphocytes

Back 29

Found in the thymus gland. old memory and killer cells directly attack incoming antigens.
Do not produce any antibodies
Recognize the presence of a foreign antigen and attack it directly.

Front 30

B Lymphocyes

Back 30

White Blood Cells
Respond to antigens and produce anibodies that attack the antigen.
Develop a memory for the antigen
Confer long term immunity to specific antigens

Front 31

What are Lymphocytes

Back 31

circulated throughout the body as part of the lymph system.
-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
-Secretory lymphocytes
Are generated from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Front 32

Components of Lymph System

Back 32

Consists primarily of interstitial fluid carrying proteins, bacteria and other substances.

Front 33

Location of Lymphatic System

Back 33

Carries through lyphatic vessels are parralel but separate from blood vessels

2 lymph ducts in Thorax: Right(smaller drains right arm, right head & right side of thorax)and thoracic duct(larger in the left thorax drains the rest of the body)

Front 34

Lymph Ducts

Back 34

Ducts drain into the right and left subclavian veins. Lymph is returned from the blood through the tissues to the lymph system.

Front 35

Induction of the immune response

Back 35

The immune response must be triggered or induced.

Front 36

Intigens and Immunogens

Back 36

Antigens that are able to trigger the immune response are immunogens.
Not every antigen can trigger an immune response.

Front 37

Characteristics of Antigenetic Immunogenisity

Back 37

Sufficient foreigness
Sufficients size
Sufficient complexity
Presence in sufficient amounts

Front 38

Histocompatibility Locus Antigens
HLA

Back 38

The body recon=gnizes if a substance is self or nonself made as a result of certain antigens that are present in almost all cells of the body except RBCs
This determines compatibility of tissues and organs that will be grafted or transplanted from a donor.

Front 39

The Rh System

Back 39

Present -Rh positive
Absent - Rh Negative
Problems may occir with pregnancy
-usually with the 2nd pregnancy
Incompatibility can cause severe problems
-hemolytic disease in infants

Front 40

ABO System

Back 40

The ABO blood group consistes of only 2 antigens named A & B
People with blood type A carry A antigens
B type B antigens
O carry no antigens (universal donors)

Front 41

Type O

Back 41

Can give bood but can not receive blood.

Front 42

Blood Groups

Back 42

O (no antigens, Anti-A & Anti_b antibodies)
AB (A and B antigens, no antibodies)
B(B antigen, Anti-A antibody)
A(A antigen, Anti-B antibody)

Front 43

What B cells do

Back 43

B cells specialize through the processes of clonal diversity and clonal release

Developing through maturing of white blood cells
Precursor develops receptors for every possible type of antigen may encounter.