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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary MODS
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Organ Damage results directly from a specific cause such as ischemoa or inadequate tissue perfusion.
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Causes of Primary MODS
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Shock, Trauma or major surgery
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Sign Symptoms of MODS
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Stress and inflammatory responses may be mild and undetectable.
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Secondary MODS
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The next time there is an injury, ischemia or infection, the primed cells are activated, producing an exaggerated inflammatory response.
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Progression on secondary MODS
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The inflammatory response enters a self perpetuating cycle causing damage and vasolilation
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DIC
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Dissiminating intervascular coagulation
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MODS 24 hours after resuscitation
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Low grade fever
Tachycardia Dyspnea Altered Mental Status General hypermetabolic, hyperdynamic state. |
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MODS within 24 to 72 hours
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Pulmonary failure begins.
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MODS within 7 to 10 days
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Hepatic failyre begins
Intestinal failure begins Renal Failure begins |
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MODS after 21 days
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Death
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Bacteria
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Single cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus.
Cause many common infections, and usually respond to antibiotic treatment |
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What does Bacteria Do?
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Bacteria release toxins
-exotoxins are secreted during bacteria growth -endotoxin are released when the bacteria die. |
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Sepsis, Septicemia
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The systemic release of toxins.
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Viruses
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The most insidious
Smaller than bacteria and cause most infections |
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Virus structure
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No organized cellular structure except a protein coat (capsid) surrounding the internal genetic material (RNA and DNA)
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What do Viruses do?
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Do not produce toxins
-they replicate and may cause a malignancy -they may attack immune cells and destroy the ability to ward off infection. |
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Virus treatment
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They are difficult to treat and are usually treated symptomatically. Antibiotics are given to treat secondary infections.
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Fungi
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Dont usually cause anything more serious than minor skin infections (thrush is fungal infection)
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Parasites
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are more common in developing nations than in the united states. treatment depends on the organism and its location.
(Giardia is a parasitic infection). Can be treated with antiparasitic medication. |
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Prions
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Most recently reconized class of infectious agents. They are similar to viruses but do not have protective capsids. (they affect neurologic tissue)
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Anatomic Barriers
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Epithelium
Sebacious Glands Sweat tears saliva Mechanical responses-respiratory, urinary, GI |
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3 lines of defense
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Anatomic (external, nonspecific)
Inflammatory Response (internal, nonspecific) Immune response (internal, specific;recognizes diseases and has antibodies) |
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Inflammatory Response
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Works quickly, the cleaning system, no memory, multiple plasma protein systems, multiple cell types
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Immune response
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Very specifis
Has memory (long term), has antibodies, uses lymphocytes (one blood cell type), one plasma protien system. |
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Natural Immunity vs. Acquired Immunity
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Natural part of Genetic Makeup. Acquired developes as an outcome of the immune response: active-exposure, Passive:transferred from one person to another.
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Primary vs. Secondary Response
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Primary: initial development of antibodies on response to the 1st exposure.
Secondary: swift, strong response of the immune system to repeated exposures to an antigen. |
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Humoral Immunity
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Humoral immunity is the long term immunity to am antigen provided by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes. Can not fight off all infections by themselves. Need both T and B cell counts to stay healthy.
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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Cell mediated immunity is short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes.
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T Lymphocytes
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Found in the thymus gland. old memory and killer cells directly attack incoming antigens.
Do not produce any antibodies Recognize the presence of a foreign antigen and attack it directly. |
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B Lymphocyes
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White Blood Cells
Respond to antigens and produce anibodies that attack the antigen. Develop a memory for the antigen Confer long term immunity to specific antigens |
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What are Lymphocytes
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circulated throughout the body as part of the lymph system.
-B lymphocytes -T lymphocytes -Secretory lymphocytes Are generated from stem cells in the bone marrow. |
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Components of Lymph System
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Consists primarily of interstitial fluid carrying proteins, bacteria and other substances.
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Location of Lymphatic System
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Carries through lyphatic vessels are parralel but separate from blood vessels
2 lymph ducts in Thorax: Right(smaller drains right arm, right head & right side of thorax)and thoracic duct(larger in the left thorax drains the rest of the body) |
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Lymph Ducts
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Ducts drain into the right and left subclavian veins. Lymph is returned from the blood through the tissues to the lymph system.
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Induction of the immune response
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The immune response must be triggered or induced.
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Intigens and Immunogens
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Antigens that are able to trigger the immune response are immunogens.
Not every antigen can trigger an immune response. |
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Characteristics of Antigenetic Immunogenisity
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Sufficient foreigness
Sufficients size Sufficient complexity Presence in sufficient amounts |
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Histocompatibility Locus Antigens
HLA |
The body recon=gnizes if a substance is self or nonself made as a result of certain antigens that are present in almost all cells of the body except RBCs
This determines compatibility of tissues and organs that will be grafted or transplanted from a donor. |
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The Rh System
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Present -Rh positive
Absent - Rh Negative Problems may occir with pregnancy -usually with the 2nd pregnancy Incompatibility can cause severe problems -hemolytic disease in infants |
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ABO System
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The ABO blood group consistes of only 2 antigens named A & B
People with blood type A carry A antigens B type B antigens O carry no antigens (universal donors) |
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Type O
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Can give bood but can not receive blood.
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Blood Groups
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O (no antigens, Anti-A & Anti_b antibodies)
AB (A and B antigens, no antibodies) B(B antigen, Anti-A antibody) A(A antigen, Anti-B antibody) |
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What B cells do
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B cells specialize through the processes of clonal diversity and clonal release
Developing through maturing of white blood cells Precursor develops receptors for every possible type of antigen may encounter. |