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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cuauhtemoc
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- Last Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
- Nephew of Moctezuma - Held the city during last siege by Cortes |
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Castas/Castes
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- Rigid class system
- Defined mixed race groups - Allowed Spanish-born to treat mixed blood and natives as less than human |
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La Malinche
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- Indian girl given to Cortes as a gift
- Knew Nahuatl & Maya - Became translator and eased Cortes' passage/conquest - May have "warned" Cortes about impending attack, impetus for Cholula massacre |
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Repartimiento
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- Forced labor
- Paid - Indians mistreated - Essentially slavery |
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Encomienda
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- Granting of land that belongs to natives as a reward for service to the colonial government or military
- Encomendero receives tribute and free labor from Indians - Responsible for care of natives, conversion to Christianity, order in the village, welfare of natives - Essentially a serf system, treated natives poorly, plus it was their village property - Caused a problem with sovereignty of colonists vs. sovereignty of Spain (who was controlling natives - conquerers rather than Spain...crown didn't like this) |
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Council of the Indies
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- Overseers of the colony on behalf of the king (enstated by Charles V)
- Effort to reestablish crown's sovereignty over conquerers and encomenderos - Chose oidores (judges) |
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Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon
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- Assumed control of the rebellion after Hidalgo died
- Mestizo - Didn't want to act the same way Hidalgo had done, used guerrilla warfare - Encircled Mexico City with his troops, isolating capitol from both coasts - Called for Congress of Chilpacingo - Negating peninsulares' values |
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Congress of Chilpacingo
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- Called for congress to meet, reassured criollos, declared independence, wrote constitution
-- Sovereignty in people -- Universal male suffrage -- Slavery/castas abolished -- Gov't monopolies abolished -- 5% income tax -- Judicial torture abolished -- Roman Catholic |
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Stephen F. Austin
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- Set up colony of San Felipe de Austin in 1821, establishing Tejas
- Argued for a year to retain his colonization rights from previous administration - Convinced Mexican gov't that settling Tejas is a good idea - Straight & narrow, loyal to Mexico, defends against Fredonia |
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Sam Houston
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- Governor of Tennessee, former Congressman
- Caught Santa Anna off guard in San Jacinto, traded Tejas for Santa Anna's life |
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Lucas Alaman
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- Mexican historian in post-Independence years
- Criollo aristocrat, defneded Spanish officials - Considered Cortes the conveyor of civilization - Stood behind Iturbide's ideas |
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Bartolome de las Casas
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Dominican friar and defender of native rights, got legislation passed by Spanish crown to maintain good treatment of Indians, helped to erode encomiendas
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Geronimo de Aguilar
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White man who survived shipwreck before Cortes arrived, served as a translator, helped during conquest
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La Noche Triste
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Aztecs chase after the Spaniards who were trying to escape with loot from Mexico City after they started fighting back, once Moctezuma killed
4,000 natives were killed, 400 Spaniards Captured Spaniards and marched up pyramids to be sacrificed 1/2 Spaniards in Mexico had been killed |
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Jose Urrea
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General in Mexican army during battle against Tejas, fought against Fannin and tried to save his life, but Santa Anna had him killed
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Davy Crockett
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- Texas patriot, fought and died in the Alamo
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Virgin of Guadalupe
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Vision of the Virgin Mary, on a hillside in Tolpetlac, told Juan Diego to build a temple to her on that spot
Became a vision of Catholic faith with brown skin, and the conquered people now have a mother figure |
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Guadalupe Victoria
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First president of Mexico
Honest, unassuming Iturbide executed during his term Good foreign policies, good relationship with U.S. Economic structure was poor Armed revolt against president |
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
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- Parish priest at Dolores
- Rings church bells @ 2am, calls everyone to overthrow peninsulares - Death to the Gachupines! - Everywhere he goes, his men are looting and destroying everything - Eventually, they're stopped and he's executed, his head on a post at the granary to prove a point |
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Treaty of Cordoba
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Treaty signed by Iturbide and O'Donoju (rep of the Spanish crown) in Cordoba accepting Iturbide's Plan de Iguala
Essentially, the end of the wars for Independence Highest ranking Spanish official recognizing Mexican Independence Change to the Plan de Iguala: if they couldn't find a European monarch, they'd choose someone themselves |
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Valentin Gomez Farias
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Santa Anna's vice president, Santa Anna left him in charge because he was bored
Started reforming against the army, and more definitively against the church, - Tried to get church to stop talking about politics - Secularized education - Government would appoint clergy - Made mandatory tithe illegal - Nuns and monks could forswear their vows - California missions were secularized Santa Anna revolted against him, now championing conservative causes and rescinding reforms |
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Goliad
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After the Alamo
Urrea vs. Fannin Urrea tried to get mercy for Fannin and the prisoners, Santa Anna ordered them murdered as pirates Prisoners were divided into three groups, told they were being transported elsewhere, and killed. |
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San Patricio Brigade
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- Battalion of non-Mexican soldiers fighting for Mexico in Texas (mainly Irish)
- U.S. considers them traitors - Fought in Churubusco (Waterloo of the Mexican-American War) - Sided with the Mexicans because they were also Catholic and oppressed by external aggressors |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Treaty that ended the Mexican-American war, ceding half of Mexico (not only Texas)
Created a legacy of hostility, reinforced stereotypes, national humiliation for Mexico |
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Moctezuma
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Aztec emperor during Cortes' invasion
Originally tried to keep Cortes away from Tenochtitlan, keep him in Veracruz Thought Cortes was the return of Quetzlcoatl Was almost immediately taken prisoner by the Spanish, the Spanish ruled the city, raided the treasury, destroyed temples Killed during the attack on Mexico City while Cortes was marching to Veracruz |
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Quetzlcoatl
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Feathered serpent God of the Aztecs
Prophecied to return in the year Ce Acatl (1519), the year Cortes appeared Moctezuma allowed Cortes to frighten him because he believed the prophecy and that Cortes was Quetzlcoatl returning |
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Constitution of 1812
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Liberal constitution that King Ferdinand agreed to, meant that many monarchists cast their lot with the revolutionaries
Drafted by Congress of Chilpacingo, delegates from all over New Spain, mestizo and indigenous people |
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Iturbide
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General who fought against rebels, then became a rebel, wrote the Plan de Iguala, signed treaty with O'Donoju, commander from Spain, and after they couldn't find a "suitable" monarch from Europe, stepped in as Emperor.
Only ruled for 10 months, and it began the attempts to make Mexico a republic Insecure about his rule Economic situation is a shambles Conflict w/ Congress, eventually dissolves congress and free press, sets up junta to replace congress |
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Plan de Iguala
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Revolutionary document written by Iturbide, containing the Tres Garantias:
- Constitutional Monarchy - Roman Catholicism - Equality for criollos and peninsulares Tacked on: Mexican could be chosen if no monarch could be found from Europe, helped to make Iturbide emperor |
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Grito de Dolores
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Most famous Mexican speech, "Death to the Gachupines!"
Prompted uprising against peninsulares Father Hidalgo y Costilla gives this speech in Dolores, and it begins the revolution, he marches with the untrained masses to attack all the peninsulares |
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Vicente Guerrero
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General who fought against Spanish during Independence
Guerrilla fighter/commander Developed Plan de Iguala with Iturbide, though he didn't always trust Iturbide's sincerity Eventually, joined w/ Santa Anna under the Plan de Veracruz as an army officer, rebelling against Iturbide's empire |
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Zachary Taylor
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American General in the Mexican-American war, was involved in the skirmish that gave President Polk the excuse to declare war on Mexico
Fought in the battle of Buena Vista |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Signed by Pope Alexander VI to prevent war between Spain and Portugal in 1494
Divided world in half, 250 leagues W of Cape Verde. Portugal gets East, Spain gets west Intersects with Brazilian bulge They are required to evangelize, which justifies their warring on the natives because they need to be Christian, or they may not even have souls |
